Panic Attack Outline Essay

I. Introduction A. Panic Attacks are a form of Anxiety characterized by unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms. B. Panic Attack disorder affects about 6 million American adults and is twice as common in women as men. (Huppert) C. Panic Attacks often begin in late adolescence or early adulthood, but not everyone who experiences panic attacks will develop panic disorder. II. Thesis Statement A. Panic Attacks can occur at any time, even while sleeping. B. I would like to discuss this disabling condition and how most people go undiagnosed and untreated. (Ebell) III. Body A. Many people have just one or two panic attacks in their lifetimes, and the problem goes away, perhaps when a stressful situation ends. 1. But if you’ve had recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and spent long periods in constant fear of another attack, you may have a condition called panic disorder. 2. Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia, in which people experience seemingly out-of-the-blue panic attacks. a. Sometimes they develop a fear of going into places where they have had previous panic attacks. About one in three people with panic disorder develops agoraphobia. b. They stick to places they consider safe, and avoid public places (such as malls, trains, and stadiums) where escape may be difficult. c. Some people develop a fixed route or territory, and it may become impossible for them to travel beyond their safety zones without suffering severe anxiety. (A.P.A.) B. Panic attacks were once dismissed as nerves or stress, but they’re now realized as a real medical condition. 1. Although can significantly affect your quality of life, treatment can be very effective. 2. A person with panic disorder may become discouraged and feel ashamed because he or she cannot carry out normal routines like going to the grocery store or driving. Having panic disorder can also interfere with school or work. C. Panic attacks typically begin suddenly, without warning. 1. They can strike at almost any time — when you’re driving the car, at the mall, sound asleep or in the middle of a business meeting. 2. Panic attacks have many variations, but symptoms usually peak within 10 minutes. You may feel fatigued and worn out after a panic attack subsides. a. Panic attacks typically include a few or many of these symptoms: Sense of impending doom or danger, fear of loss of control or death, rapid heart rate, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, hyperventilation, chills, hot flashes, nausea, abdominal cramping, chest pain, headache, dizziness, faintness, tightness in your throat, and trouble swallowing. b. One of the worst things about panic attacks is the intense fear that you’ll have another one. You may fear having a panic attack so much that you avoid situations where they may occur. You may even feel unable to leave your home (agoraphobia) because no place feels safe. (Iacoviello) IV. When to see a doctor. A. If you have any panic attack symptoms, seek medical help as soon as possible. 1. Panic attacks are hard to manage on your own, and they may get worse without treatment. 2. And because panic attack symptoms can also resemble other serious health problems, such as a heart attack, it’s important to get evaluated by your health care provider if you aren’t sure what’s causing your symptoms. B. Early treatment can often prevent agoraphobia, but people with panic disorder may sometimes go from doctor to doctor for years and visit the emergency room repeatedly before someone correctly diagnoses their condition. 1. This is unfortunate, because panic disorder is one of the most treatable of all the anxiety disorders, responding in most cases to certain kinds of medication or certain kinds of cognitive psychotherapy, which help change thinking patterns that lead to fear and anxiety. (Ebell) 2. First, talk to your doctor about your symptoms. Your doctor should do an exam to make sure that another physical problem isn’t causing the symptoms. The doctor may refer you to a mental health specialist. V. Causes A. It’s not known what causes panic attacks or panic disorder, but these factors may play a role: 1. Genetics. 2. Major stress. 3. Temperament that is more susceptible to stress. 4. Certain changes in the way parts of your brain function. B. Some research suggests that your body’s natural fight-or-flight response to danger is involved in panic attacks. 1. For example, if a grizzly bear  came after you, your body would react instinctively. Your heart rate and breathing would speed up as your body prepared itself for a life-threatening situation. 2. Many of the same reactions occur in a panic attack. But it’s not known why a panic attack occurs when there’s no obvious danger present. VI. Risk Factors A. Symptoms of panic disorder often start in the late teens or early adulthood and affect more women than men. B. Factors that may increase the risk of developing panic attacks or panic disorder include: 1. Family history of panic attacks or panic disorder. 2. Significant stress. 3. Death or serious illness of a loved one. 4. Major changes in your life, such as the addition of a baby. 5. History of childhood physical or sexual abuse. 6. Experiencing a traumatic event, such as an accident or sexual assault. (A.P.A) VII. Treatment. A. Psychotherapy, also called talk or behavior therapy, is considered an effective first choice treatment for panic attacks and panic disorder. 1. Psychotherapy can help you understand panic attacks and panic disorder and learn how to cope with them. 2. Cognitive behavioral therapy can help you learn through your own experience that panic symptoms are not dangerous. a. During therapy sessions, your therapist will help you gradually re-create the symptoms of a panic attack in a safe, supportive setting. b. Once the physical sensations of panic no longer seem threatening, the attacks begin to resolve. c. Successful treatment can also help you overcome fears of situations that you’ve been avoiding because of panic attacks. B. Medications (US DH&HS) 1. Medications can help reduce symptoms associated with panic attacks as well as depression if that’s an issue for you. Several types of medication have been shown to be effective in managing symptoms of panic attacks, including: a. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). b. Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). c.  Benzodiazepines. VIII. Prevention. A. There’s no sure way to prevent panic attacks or panic disorder. However, these recommendations may help. B. Get treatment for panic attacks as soon as possible to help stop them from getting worse or becoming more frequent. C. Stick with your treatment plan to help prevent relapses or worsening of panic attack symptoms. D. Get regular physical activity, which may play a role in protecting against anxiety. IX. In Conclusion A. Panic Attacks are very real and can happen to anyone at any given time. B. Be aware of yourself and everyone around you; never know when a panic attack can occur. Any Questions? Bibliography American Psychiatric Association (2009). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with panic disorder. Available online: http://psychiatryonline.org/guidelines.aspx. Ebell MH. Diagnosis of anxiety disorders in primary care. Am Fam Physician. 2008 Aug 15;78(4):501-2. Huppert JC, et al. (2009). Anxiety disorders: Cognitive-behavioral therapy. In BJ Sadock et al., eds., Kaplan and Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9th ed., vol. 1, pp. 1915–1926. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Iacoviello BM, Mathew SJ (2010). Anxiety disorder. In EG Nabel, ed., ACP Medicine, section 13, chap. 1. Hamilton, ON: BC Decker. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2008). 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans (ODPHP Publication No. U0036). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Website: http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/guidelines/default.aspx.

Peer-Reviewed Literature Versus Popular Press Essay

The purpose of peer-reviewed literature is to present original reports, research, or reviews, and evaluate the material that scholars have already published (â€Å"Scholarly Vs Popular Press,† 2005). Peer review refers to a process that screens the writings of scholars before they can be published. Review panels, comprising other scholars and researchers, are responsible for evaluating the already published material with respect to its significance in addition to methodology. Although the published research finds may or may not be true, peer-reviewed literature is generally considered â€Å"authoritative evidence for a claim† which is validated once the research has been analyzed in depth and its findings have been applied as well as reexamined in a variety of contexts or by the use of different theoretical models (â€Å"Peer-reviewed literature†). Lee Shulman, the President of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, explains that the essentiality of scholarly literature is that it can be â€Å"cited, refuted, built upon, and shared (â€Å"Peer-reviewed literature). † Hence, peer-reviewed literature is considered more reliable than popular press, the purpose of which may be simply to present articles that entertain, inform, or market goods and services. Popular press may contain literature on current events or myriad popular interests (â€Å"Scholarly†). Given that the articles published in the popular press are not peer-reviewed, they may or may not be reliable. They are definitely not considered scholarly, seeing that they cannot be refuted. According to a scientific study, popular press coverage of a health problem known as the chronic fatigue syndrome has magnified and even distorted the divisions within the research community on the subject of the chronic fatigue syndrome (MacLean & Wessely, 1994). It is clear, therefore, that popular press cannot be trusted to present valid information.

Arguments for and Against Juvenile Courts

Arguments for and Against Juvenile Courts Introduction In the United States we have two parallel systems that deal with individuals that commit crimes and or offenses against society. First we have the criminal justice system, a court which deals with adults who commit various crimes. Secondly, we have the juvenile justice system, a court designed especially for minors and is generally thought to help rehabilitate the offender. The salient difference between these two systems, as Mitcheal Ritter puts it, â€Å"is the use of distinct terminology to refer to their similar procedures. State and federal legislatures intended this terminological variation to avoid stigmatizing children as â€Å"criminals† and to dissociate the juvenile system from the criminal justice system† (Ritter 2010, 222). The major issue I intend to look at it is whether or not we should abolish the juvenile justice system. First, we will look at the position of keeping the current system, why it needs to stay in place, and why in the long r un it is the most beneficial to the juvenile. Second, we will examine the research of Barry Feld, one of the most influential advocates on why it needs to be abolished because of the lack of constitutional rights that a juvenile does not receive while being tried under the Juvenile justice system. Thirdly, I will be looking at each party’s positions and critiquing it to see it what the strong and weak points are. Finally, I will present my own opinion on whether to keep it, abolish it, or create a whole new system altogether. Presentation of Position A: Do Not Abolish the Juvenile System To try a juvenile in adult court is by no means the right decision. In this section we will look at evidence and arguments on why the juvenile justice system should not be abolished. Juveniles are different from adults and therefore should not be allowed to stand trial in the criminal justice system. Children are not well enough developed mentally, as compared to an adult, to be tried in the adult correctional system. This is why many people take the stance, â€Å"no way should we get rid of the juvenile justice system.† The â€Å"director of the state’s (Washington) Bureau of Juvenile Detention Services is seeking to keep 16- and 17-year-old offenders out of the state’s criminal justice system† (McNeil 2008). To lock up a child in an adult correction facility is by no means the right idea even if they are â€Å"separate† from the adults. If a juvenile commits an â€Å"adult crime† like robbery, theft or in most cases drug crimes, a quick fix is to incarcerate that individual in an adult prison to punish him and protect society. While this may work for adults, it is inappropriate for a youth. Advocates argue that we must keep the juvenile justice system because â€Å"many studies also have found that significantly harsher punishments are meted out to juveniles in adult court when compared with juveniles in juvenile court, parti cularly for serious or violent offenses† (Kurlycheck and Johnson 2010, 727). Sending a juvenile to adult court at such a young age can be problematic for the child, because the court wants to be strict with the child by showing them that their behavior will not be tolerated and because in adult court the child will miss out on educational and rehabilitative programs more readily available in juvenile detention facilities. Kurlycheck and Johnson argue that â€Å"Juvenile courts are characterized by disposition options that fundamentally differ from adult courts in their symbolic meaning, punitive and treatment alternatives, and punishment goals† (2010). In a study in Pennsylvania, Kurlycheck and Johnson compared a sample of juveniles tried in juvenile court with juveniles who were transferred to adult court and showed that the adult courts were harsher on the juvenile: â€Å"On average, their sentences were 80 percent more severe than for their young adult counterpartsà ¢â‚¬  (Kurlycheck and Johnson 2010, 729).

Seven Names for Seven Dwarves Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Seven Names for Seven Dwarves - Essay Example Having seen the Disney version so many times throughout my life, I thought this would be no problem. However, as I sat and stared at the blank piece of paper, I could only remember three right away--Doc, Sleepy, and Dopey. This assignment would prove to be a little harder than I had originally anticipated. As a child, Dopey and Doc had been my two favorites; Doc because he was so smart and Dopey because he was so funny. This show of favoritism made those two easy to remember and made me laugh as I recalled some of the things Dopey would trip over. Sleepy had been my nickname for a long time because no matter how much I rested the night before, I always seemed to be tired the next day. Through association, this made that dwarf easy to remember as well. For the final two dwarves, I tried to recall all of the dwarves in context to the Disney movie, but this proved to be useless as the only parts I could recall at first were the parts with songs: now the song "Heigh Ho" is stuck in my head, and I'm afraid the only way to get rid of that song is to start whistling while I work. Then an image of a dwarf popped into my head: there had been a shy one hiding behind the others. Through the use of synonyms and word associations, I finally went from "Shy" to Bashful. This left just one name to figure out. This last name proved to be the most difficult to remember.

Horizontal integration of industry in late 19C. Compare and contrast Essay

Horizontal integration of industry in late 19C. Compare and contrast Old & New school business historian's approach to explanin Carnegie & Rockefeller - Essay Example This essay compares and contrasts ‘Old School’ and ‘New School’ perspectives of horizontal integration. The old school perspectives on horizontal business integration emerged from theorists during the early part of the 20th century until the 1970s. This is contrasted with the new school forms that took on varying paradigms between the 1970s and the present day. The old school perspectives on horizontal integration largely emphasized biographical information of the participants. For instance, in the case of Rockefeller conflicting biographical perspectives on his life were considered, with one view emphasizing his contributions to social progress and innovation, and the other casting Rockefeller as a greed obsessed shark. One considers Rockefeller’s horizontal integration through Standard Oil as he systematically Within these perspectives historians such as Mathew Josephson labeled Rockefeller a ‘robber baron’ citing examples such as cheating and unfairness, as well as the diminished living conditions of many of the lower-tier workers involved in his operations. Sti ll, other theorists herald these actions as cutting edge entrepreneurship. Andrew Carnegie was another prominent individual examined by the old school and new school perspectives on industrialization. Similar to old school perspectives on Rockefeller, old school perspectives divide Carnegie’s horizontal integration through his Carnegie Steel Company along critical progressive lines and that heralded him as an industrial statesman. Individuals such as Harold Livesay, writing in an old school perspective, considered him a ‘master moneyman’ for his financing capabilities. He is also heralded for revolutionizing internal business elements and only engaging in horizontal integration when necessary. New school approaches consider corporate this organizational structure and management strategy. Prominently articulated by Alfred Chandler, this ‘Chandlerian new school

Ethics and Moral Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics and Moral Theories - Essay Example This doctrine assumes that we cannot ask others to act in their own self interest because it can negatively affect my self interest. 2) Individual Ethical Egoism: This is the belief that every individual should work for my interest. This is also termed as egotism and goes to an extreme level of selfishness whereby we believe that not only we should act for our self interests, others in the universe shall also act for our interests. There is no practical justification of this doctrine as it borders on extraordinary levels of selfishness (Pojman & Fieser, 2011). 3) Universal Ethical Egoism: This doctrine argues that all individuals should pursue their own self interest exclusively with no regard to the interest of others or no intention to contribute towards their interest. An issue with this theory is that without appropriate knowledge of the world, it will be difficult to understand our own interest. Furthermore, there can be debate over to what constitutes self interest. Act Utilitarianism:- Act utilitarianism states that our duty on any specific occasion is to act in a way that will produce greater total good and better consequences than what any other act will produce. This rule is applied directly to a selection of particular actions under particular events. Rule Utilitarianism:- Rule utilitarianism states that it is our duty to abide by rules designed for the greater total good and produce consequences better than those produced by any other rules. This doctrine is applied to a selection of a set of rules which are then used to determine what to do in particular situations. Feminist ethics is an attempt to reformulate the traditional theories of ethics with respect to the aspects that devalue women’s moral experience. It aims to correct male biases in historical and traditional ethical theory by emphasizing relationships

Responds a topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Responds a topic - Essay Example treated the same way as the slaves and the children and this means she was by no means greater than them in any way and that was her social level (Lerner 79). The relationship between men and women prior to these ancient societies was one based on equality and cordial behavior. There was division of chores between men and women during the hunting and gathering era where the men who were physically strong hunted and the women gathered. No gender was superior to the other. All this however changed with the incorporation of agriculture and end of the hunting and gathering period and the women’s role in society started being that of subordination and inferiority while that of men become that of superiority and authoritarianism (Diamond 96). It was no longer about physical features and division of labor but became a master and slave kind of relationship with the slave in this case literary being the woman whose rights became non-existence especially with marriage. Virginity became a big issue for the women who were to ensure they stayed pure until they were married off. The husbands on the other hand were not required to be virgins. In fact the more women a man had slept with, the more of a conqueror he was considered to be. The society employed double standards on this issue including the fact that an adulterer women was sentenced to death while the man was simply released to go do as he wishes. Once married, the rules of society dictated that the woman move to go live with her husband and his family and was part of the man’s property from them henceforth to control and do with her as he pleases. The subordination of the women developed at this juncture where she was expected to obey and follow all the demands and commands of the husband without any question as the man was the authority figure. These beliefs and behaviors continued to intensify even after the society started moving from agriculture to other crafts such as engaging in trade with the western

What Is The Relationship Between International Organization And Essay

What Is The Relationship Between International Organization And Industrial Change From A Neo-Gramscian Perspective - Essay Example In his 1981 exposition, Cox asks for an informed, open-minded critique of International Relations (IR) that had so far depended solely on "problem-solving" theories that obsequiously deviated in no manner from mainstream diagnoses and prognoses, but embraced states as being immutable and the scheme of things-including individual and institutional relationships within and between states, parastatal organisations and the so-called private players-as Kantian Dinge an sich (literally, "things as they are"). Cox's effort in 1983 was to expand on his earlier thesis: to prove how neo-Gramscianism can take apart and syncretise into new understandings and, thus, modalities of action to subvert the power superstructure of the Global Political Economy, a complex trelliswork of governmental, individual and institutional actors. ... defined as "dominance, especially by one state or social group over others" (Oxford English Dictionary), but is furthermore "understood as an expression of broadly-based consent, manifested in the acceptance of ideas and supported by material resources and institutions" (Bieler and Morton 2003). The term "world order" was of a different class altogether from Immanuel Wallerstein's "world systems theory", a profoundly disturbing assault on development and modernisation theory, in which he said that he aimed to achieve "a clear conceptual break with theories of 'modernisation' and thus provide a new theoretical paradigm to guide our investigations of the emergence and development of capitalism, industrialism, and national states" (Skocpol 1977). Wallerstein (1987) declaimed that the world systems theory was "a protest against the way in which social scientific inquiry is structured for all of us at its inception in the middle of the nineteenth century". Criticising the then prevalent bimodal Dependency Theory, which argues in favour of a bipolar metropolis-satellite structure, he held that it was too simplistic to have a functional worldview organised around it: the meaning that can be read into it is that it would have to be, in a sense, future-proof against times that would only get more-and less-interconnected. In a sense, too, Wallerstein's trimodal world systems theory has been bypassed by current events: mergers between transnational corporations from disparate political dispensations have led to the creation of megacorporations that have turnovers that put the GDP of many developing world economies in the shade. Parastatal organisations, usually non-governmental organisations (NGO), that owe their loyalty either to themselves and their agendas or to

Mahatma Ghandi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mahatma Ghandi - Essay Example He was also of the opinion that violence would have the effect of leaving behind a trial of bitterness and hatred that would make attempts at achieving a genuine reconciliation almost impossible. Gandhi’s campaigns against non-violence in both India and South Africa had an enormous influence as they led to the development and diffusion of nonviolent campaign skills and insights. In most societies today nonviolent action has largely become the preferred approach. Nonviolent campaigns have the advantage of their being largely spontaneous and organized without much planning, preparation and training. Considering the large amounts of efforts and money that go into planning armed operations, it is highly likely that non violent action will continue to become more effective in future. However, there are some criticisms targeted at the premise of non-violence, some of the probably reservations and objections that a skeptic might voice and the probable approach that Gandhian might use to answer these objections include; In answering this claim, a Gandhian might point out that this statement is essentially not true as history is rife with examples of just how non-violence has been used to successfully obtain victory against oppressive systems backed by violence. An example of this is that in India, Gandhi was able to successfully build up a non-violent movement against the oppressive British colonials. The non-violent movement engaged in peaceful protests that included noncooperation, exemplary hunger strikes, economic boycotts and rampant acts of disobedience that had the effect of causing the oppressive British imperialism to become unworkable. Other examples of the successes of non violence are demonstrated by Lannstrom (10) who points out that Martin Luther used non-violence in achieving civil rights for black

Transfer From Hofstra Essay Example for Free

Transfer From Hofstra Essay I have come to a point in life that many people have not.   I have made a firm decision to recommit myself to pursuing my dreams.   While there are those who believe that with an ounce of luck and a ton of persistence anything can be accomplished, I believe that there is no reason to expend so much energy and rely on luck.   Life is simply too short and too precious to be left to luck alone.   After serious investigation and reflection I am convinced my educational goals will be far better achieved at this prestigious University. It is not an easy decision for me, as I thoroughly enjoyed my time at Hofstra University a   and made the most of it.   One of the many wonderful concepts I have learned from my parents is to strive for academic excellence while balancing life with other activities and contributions.   I am proud of my academic record at Hofstra University, where I maintained a 3.35 GPA, as well as my extracurricular involvement in campus activities, part-time employment and community service.   Yet I feel that in order to reach my full potential I need to be in an environment that best caters to my interests and goals. The world is fast becoming a borderless place.   Cultures, races, beliefs and ideologies are blend together and interact because of the growing advances in communications.   In order to succeed in this world, one needs to be able to adapt to the various cultural differences as well as be able to maintain a certain sense of individual identity.   My former school, Hofstra University, did not have the same diversity that I see environment where cultural diversity is promoted.     This is why I believe that this educational environment is the perfect place for me.   Not only does this University exceed my expectations but it is also enjoys a global reputation. I have learned from my parents two â€Å"laws†: the law of learning and the law of giving. I believe the more you learn the more open you become for learning. I am convinced this University is a great fit for â€Å"the law of learning.†Ã‚   That is why I believe that this move is a crucial step for me.   My success and my accomplishments here will herald the beginning of the fulfillment of my personal and professional goals. It is said that the one thing that nobody can ever take away from you is your education and that is the one thing that I plan to not only gain for myself but for others as well.   I have learned from my parents the critical importance of the law of giving, and I am both attracted and committed to this model of community service, particularly that â€Å"students apply business skills to effect social change.† I bring to this campus a variety of assets and commitments. I have benefited from a multi-cultural mentoring program in high school.   As an open-minded student, I believe I am able to contribute to not only the cultural diversity, but also the global views of the learning community.   My experience and perspective will greatly benefit those that I will be able to interact with on campus.   I look forward to the rich academic and cultural experience that this fine University has to offer. I have also always been committed to community service and campus government, and plan on continuing these important activities.   I will bring to the campus what others have considered in me an infectious â€Å"joy of learning, excitement for the future, and need for world contribution.† That is in essence my philosophy and I believe it will be able to contribute to the campus community if given the opportunity to do so. While I personally believe that â€Å"there is no such thing as a free lunch† and that everything a person has in life must come from hard work and perseverance.   There are those, however, who are unfortunate in life and therefore I also believe in helping others who do not have much in life.   I believe in helping people regardless of their nation, race or creed.   I believe in being a better person so I can best help myself and others around me.   I believe that this academic environment is the best place for me to turn these beliefs into realities.   I am fully aware of the significance of being considered for acceptance, and I am sincerely grateful for your time and consideration of my application.

People and culture

People and culture People and Culture The first settlers of Argentina came thousands of years ago. They came from North America looking for a place to settle. They ended up finding the country today known as Argentina. They were looking for a wide open place with plenty of resources and land to be work. They found exactly what they were looking for when they found Argentina. The tribes that came and lived in Argentina were nomadic. They lived life by following the animals. They survived by hunting, fishing, and gathering. For many this would have been a rough life and it was for many of them. To live back in the days as these people did was hard. You would have to be a good hunter and be able to find scraps such as berries, nuts, and roots. Spain became interested in Argentina in 1516 A.D. It was the first to colonize Argentina in 1516 A.D. There were no more than 105,000 native people living in Argentina before it was colonized. At first Guarani people, which were tribal groups of South America having the territory between Uruguay and Paraguay River, used the slash and burn method. Settlements were made up of 50 to 100 individuals. The most advanced group in the Northwest is the Huarpe, which lived in the Cuyo (mountainous area) in the Andean piedmont. Small groups of nomadic people settled in the remainder of the area. Native people barely survived after Argentina became independent from Spanish rule. The Tehuelches fled from the Pampas to southern Patagonia. Araucanians had already been living on the western edge of Patagonia. They had fierce warriors. Spaniards arrived in southern Chile and battled the Inca army and stopped them from spreading into that region. The Tehulches and Araucanians began acquiring horses in the 1600s from the Spanish. In 1520 Ferdinand Magellan sailed to Argentina and met the natives of Patagonia. In the early part of the 1500s the population of Argentina was 750,000. To create their country they had to fight the Spanish efforts to control Argentina. In these days Spain wanted Argentinas natural resources. Juan Diaz de Solis led a Spanish expedition of three ships along the South Americas Atlantic coast. He was looking for a pathway to the Pacific Ocean and Asian trade. After passing the coast of Portuguese Brazil, he saw an opening of an estuary (believing that it led to silver-rich areas). Thinking it was a shortcut he diverted the ships and claimed the region. The Spanish Crown gave Pedro de Mendoza, a Spanish nobleman, permission to lead an expeditionary force from Spain to Argentina. He then sailed in the Rio de la Plata estuary in 1536 A.D. with a group of fifteen hundred people to be the first to establish the settlement of Buenos Aires. The Querandi laid siege to the settlement and abandoned it in 1537 A.D. Eventually Mendoza and the rest left Buenos Aires and returned to Spain. Many settlers came from Peru. Spaniards conquered the native settlements. Towns began to extend and the conquerors enslaved the native people. They forced them to harvest crops and raise cattle and mules. Many people traveled north to Paraguay. The territory of Argentina started to make its way of boundaries during the sixteenth century. People started to migrate across seas with ships. Europeans moved to the country in the nineteenth century. There were a lot of different groups of people and languages in this country. The main language was Spanish, but there were also languages such as: French, Italian, German, British, and Japanese. You also have to remember that there was still the Indian tribes and the African American slaves. With all these groups together now, it made Argentina a culture that was diversified, or mixed. Most of the people in Argentina were Republicans. Most of the indigenous people living today in Argentina live in rural areas. They only represent about 10 percent of Argentina. Buenos Aires is known to have the most indigenous people living in it. Indigenous people live in small groups. The indigenous people that arrived were dark skinned, and lived in groups with chiefs. There were two main groups. One of the groups was known as the Diaguita. The Diaguita is known to have prevent the Incan empire form expanding. They also built dwellings. The other group was known as the Guarani. They used slash-and-burn. These groups both consisted of doing agriculture. Their main crop was maize, which today we know it as corn. The first settlement to be found was the Santa Fe. Argentina was first explored in 1516 by Juan Diaz de Solis. Argentina developed under Spanish colonial rule. The indigenous people realized that Argentina was great for supplying food and also raising animals to different countries. There were population movements in Argentina during the sixteenth century. The most known movement of Argentina was the Eastern movement. The people arrived by traveling by ship. They sailed on the Rio de Plata River and the Parana River. The people that sailed during this movement are known to have founded Buenos Aires, Argentinas capital. This is basically why this movement is known to be one of the famous movements that happened in Argentina. The people also are known to have founded more cities such as Santa Fe, Parana, and Corrientes. The next movement is known to be called the Northern population movement. These people descended from Peru. It happened because of an economic growth. They are known to have founded Salta, San Salvador, La Rioja, and San Fernando. There is also another movement. It is the Western population movement. They founded San Juan, San Luis, and Mendoza. This movement started in Chile. All these population movements mostly settled into urban areas instead of large areas with a lot of land. I dont know why they would do this because if I was migrating to a country I would think of trying to get the most land that I could. The immigration has affected the culture of Argentina. More than one-third of the country lives in Buenos Aires, which is the capital. Many of the people are gauchos or wanders of the countryside. The culture is very different, but it has created many ideas in Argentina. There are great artists, musicians, writers, and many more things in Argentina. One of their famous cultural dances is the tango. The culture has many fiestas which are celebrations. The most common food in Argentina is meat. They raise animals to sell and use the food. Many of the people of Argentina visit family and friends during their spare time. They like to play sports also. One of their most common sports is soccer. If you go to Argentina you may see a lot of painting and sculptures. There are a lot of famous artist from Argentina. There is great fishing and hunting in Argentina. Many of the nomadic people and the indigenous people that settled here used these two things to survive and make a living. Argentina has done well in sports such as polo, rugby, hockey, boxing, skiing, hunting, fishing, and much more. They are just starting to become known for basketball. Pasta and pizza is also a common food besides meat. Argentina has national pride. Some of the famous people in Argentina are listed below. In 1974, Maria Peron was the first woman to be a president in history. She is the widow of the former president of Argentina Juan Peron. She was the first female head of state. Many people think that Juan Fangio is to be one of the greatest racers. Fangio was a race car driver and he won the Grand Prix. He dominated this race in the 1950s in a way nobody has ever done before. He won five World Championships. They were in 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, and 1957. Many people like to think of Fangio as one of the greatest drivers known in the world. They believe his winning score may never be topped in the world. He must have been a really great driver. I would like to see him race with the NASCAR racers today. Diego Armando Maradona is known to be one of the greatest football players of all time. Maradona won league titles in Argentina. He also won titles in Italy. He won national cups in Spain and Italy too, and numerous individual hon ors including best player award at the 1986 World Cup. Carlos Gardel, an Argentine, is known to be great at the tango dance which is one of the most famous dances in Argentina. He is known as the nickname of â€Å"The King of Tango.† Gardel was known to get the first best singer award of the tango dance and he is remained to be a role model to other people. This dance is still a famous dance. Che Guevara was a tremendous leader of the Communist Revolution in Cuba. Communism was a socialism that had private ownership. He was known to be a great leader in Latin America advocating revolution. He is a symbol of rebellion to Argentina. The Argentine Cesar Pelli, became known throughout his years by being one of the 20th centurys architects. He is known for drawing some of the worlds largest landmarks and the worlds tallest buildings. His designs are known for their curved faces and metallic elements. His architects are often surfaced in glass or a thin stone figure. Throughout his career, Pelli won more than eighty awards for design excellence. Pellis most famous architectures is the â€Å"Petronas Twin Towers,† which were the worlds tallest buildings at one point of time. Jorge Borges is still considered today one of the best writers in the world. He is one of the great literary known heroes of Argentina. Argentina has 36,000,000 people living there today. Their religion is mainly Roman Catholic. If you lived in Argentina the other religions you would most likely believe in are Jewish or Protestant.

John Quincy Adams Essay -- Biography Biographies

John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams was the only son of a president to become president. He had an impressive political background that began at the age of fourteen. He was an intelligent and industrious individual. He was a man of strong character and high principles. By all account, his presidency should have been a huge success, yet it wasn't. John Quincy Adams' presidency was frustrating and judged a failure because of the scandal, attached to his election, the pettiness of his political rivals, and his strong character. John Quincy Adams was born on July 1767, in Braintree Massachusetts. His parents were John and Abigail Adams. "Quincy, had every advantage as a youngster. At the time of his birth, his father was an increasingly admired and prospering lawyer, and his mother Abigail Smith Adams, was the daughter of an esteemed minister, whose wife's family combined two prestigious and influential lines, the Nortons and the Quincys. Accompanying his father on diplomatic missions in Europe, young John Quincy Adams received a splendid education at private schools in Paris, Leiden, and Amsterdam, early developing his penchant for omnivorous reading." He was able to speak several languages. At the age of fourteen, he was asked to serve as secretary and translator to Francis Dana, the first US ambassador to Russia. "Despite his age, young Adams was a valuable aid to the consul; he enjoyed Russia and the exposure to diplomatic circles." He later returned to the United States and attended Harvard. "He graduated in two years and entered the law offices of Theophilus Parsons in Newburyport, Massachusetts. Passing the bar in 1790, he set up practice in Boston." In 1794 John began his long political career. George Washington appo... ...r the country realized his important contribution. " I should of been one of the greatest benefactors of my country.... But the connective power of mind was not conferred upon me but by my Maker, and I have not improved the scanty portions of His gifts as I might and ought to have done." His presidency was judged a failure due in a large part to the presidential scandal he seemed unable to overcome. His rivals were responsible for keeping it alive in everyone's minds. They never let the public forget his "Corrupt Bargain" with Clay. They also doomed almost every piece of important legislation he had tried to pass. Adams' own integrity allowed his rivals free reign. His own high standards about refusing to abuse his office resulted in his rivals retaining their positions of power. The scandal, political rivals, and his own integrity doomed his presidency to failure.

Mickey Mantle :: essays research papers

? Questions 1.) How old was Mickey Mantle when he joined the New York Yankees? When Mickey Mantle joined the Yankees in 1952 he was 20 years old. 2.) In what year did Mickey mantle first play in the World Series?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first year Mickey Mantle played in the World Series was in 1956. 3.) In what years did Mickey Mantle win the Triple Crown Award?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1955, Mickey Mantle won the Triple Crown Award and the Most Valuable Player award. 4.) Where and when was Mickey Mantle born?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mickey Mantle was born on October 20 1931 in Spavinaw, Oklahoma. 5.) How many times did Mickey Mantle win The Most Valuable Player award?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mickey mantle won the Most Valuable Player award three times during his career.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chapter Summary One of my favorite chapters in this book was chapter fourteen. The name of the chapter is â€Å"The Leader.† â€Å"The Leader† is about how Mickey Mantle became the New York Yankee’s best player and how he took Joe DiMaggio's place on the team. Chapter fourteen is about Mickey Mantle’s tenth season. During that season Mickey Mantle batted .317 and won the Triple Crown Award for the second time in a row. Only a few other players have done that in baseball history. He batted in one hundred and twenty eight runs, two away from his career high of one hundred and thirty. That year he also hit fifty-four home runs, breaking Babe Ruth's record of fifty home runs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book Mickey Mantle was mostly about how Mickey Mantle became a player in Major League Baseball. Mickey Mantle was born on October 20, 1931. His Dad was Elven Mantle. He taught Mickey Mantle how to switch hit and play outfield. His mom was Lovell Mantle. He grew up in Spavinaw, Oklahoma. When he was seventeen he went to play minor league baseball. He played for the Kansas-Missouri League. He signed a contract to play for the Yankees in 1951. It was for 50,000 dollars. Mickey Mantle won five MVP awards during his career. In 1961 he signed a contract with the Yankees for 80,000 dollars. At the time he was the highest paid player in the League.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mickey Mantle,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mister Yankee By Al Silverman Questions ? 6.) How did Mickey Mantles benefit from being a switch hitter his entire career even though he hit .325 right handed and .285 left handed?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If he was up against a left-handed pitcher he could hit right handed; if it was a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  right handed pitcher he could hit left-handed

Government Surveillance vs Privacy Essay -- Communications Surveillanc

Is the American government trustworthy? Edward Joseph Snowden (2013) released to the United States press* selected information about the surveillance of ordinary citizens by the U.S.A.’s National Security Agency (N.S.A.), and its interconnection to phone and social media companies. The motion picture Citizenfour (2014), shows the original taping of those revelations. Snowden said that some people do nothing about this tracking because they have nothing to hide. He claims that this inverts the model of responsibility. He believes that everyone should encrypt Internet messages and abandon electronic media companies that track personal information and Internet behavior (op.cit, 2014). Snowden also stressed to Lawrence Lessig (2014) the importance of the press and the first amendment (Lessig – Snowden Interview Transcript, [16:28]). These dynamics illustrate Lessig’s (2006) constrain-enable pattern of powers that keep society in check (2006, Code: Version 2.0, p. 122 ). Consider Lessig’s (2006) question what is â€Å"the threat to liberty?† (2006, p. 120). Terrorism is a real threat (Weber, 2013). Surveillance by social media and websites, rather than the government, has the greater negative impact on its users. What is the historic context of surveillance, whose current form is electronic? We now know that the N.S.A. has no fewer than 46 surveillance programs (three in conjunction with the UK’s GCHQ) as described by surveillance reporter Julia Angwin (2014). For example: Prism collects data from the servers of U.S. technology companies Squeaky Dolphin (UK) monitors YouTube video views, URLS "Liked† on Facebook and Blogger visits Bullrun, a joint UK and US program weakens cryptography (2014, chart) Surveillance, however, is as old as man. Anthony Zurcher (2013) for the BBC said, â€Å"Chinese general Sun Tzu [in 544 - 496 BC] wrote†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœEnlightened rulers and good generals who are able to obtain intelligent agents as spies are certain for great achievements’" (Zurcher, 2013). Surveillance has been around for centuries. Ancient Rome had mechanisms for surveillance. The eavesdropping, of course, was done directly by people with no electronic mediation. Col. Rose Mary Sheldon (2000) of the Virginia Military Institute wrote that supply sergeants were employed to collect information because they came and went openly in the course of distributing grain. H... ... E. (2011). The net delusion. The dark side of internet freedom. New York, NY, USA: PublicAffairs. Poitras, L, Bonnefoy, M., & Wilutzky, D. (Producers), & Poitras, L. (Director). (2014, October 24). Citizenfour [Motion Picture]. United States: The Weinstein Company. Sheldon, Col. R. M., Virginia Military Institute. (2000). Military History Quarterly, Autumn,pp. 28-33. Retrieved from http://www.historynet.com/espionage-in-ancient-rome.htm#sthash.iSybKnYa.dpuf on 11/29/2014. TEDSalon. (2014, June). Hubertus Knabe: The dark secrets of a surveillance state. TED. Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/hubertus_knabe_the_dark_secrets_of_a_surveillance_state? on 11/17/2014. Weber, P. (2013, June 12). 6 reasons you should, and shouldn't, freak out about the NSA data-mining. The Week. Retrieved from http://theweek.com/article/index/245461/6-reasons-you-should-and-shouldnt-freak-out-about-the-nsa-data-mining on 11/29/2014. how we should balance national security with civil liberties. Zurcher. A. (2013, October 31). Roman Empire to the NSA: A world history of government spying. BBC News Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24749166 on 11/29/2014

Critique of “Woman as Storyteller in Wide Sargasso Sea

Source Roper, Valerie. Woman as Storyteller in Wide Sargasso Sea. Caribbean Quarterly, 34:1/2 (1988:Mar. /June) p. 19 URL: http://pao. chadwyck. com/PDF/1319462795559. pdf Summary In her article, â€Å"Woman as Storyteller in Wide Sargasso Sea† Valerie Roper asserts that Antoinette is much more than just a narrator. Antoinette tells the story of her life but also illuminates the plight and circumstances of women as increasing self awareness dawns. The duality of Antoinette's identity represents the war within women as they struggle to assimilate their own desires, beliefs, and values with those of the paternalistic society in which they live. Roper asserts that Wide Sargasso Sea is an attempt by Antoinette to look back and figure out where things went wrong. When did her downward spiral begin? As Antoinette tells her story, she does so with insight and understanding than can only come from time and reflection. Antoinette does not just recount her life, she also relives it. â€Å"Through her consciousness she retraces with brutal honesty her psychological journey from isolation to disintegration,† (Roper 19). Roper further contends that Antoinette as the storyteller enabled Rhys to use varying degrees of consciousness to illustrate Antoinette's journey and revelations. According to Roper, Antoinette's relationship with her mother is the crux of her illness both genetically and psychologically. Her withdrawal, like her mother's was a catalyst for her mental instability, but other factors existed as well. Roper discusses elements and scenes that Antoinette revisits which were important in her development, and ultimately in her unraveling. The road to insanity was much more insidious for Antoinette than it had been for Annette. There were tragic, life-altering events that obviously impacted Annette's mental condition; the death of her husband, isolation from Creole society, and ultimately Pierre's diagnosis. For Antoinette, her mother and childhood, cultural background, psychological invasion, disorientation, and entrapment all played a pivotal role in Antoinette's insanity. Response Roper provides an interesting context in which to interpret Rhys' novel. Perhaps one of the more striking assertions by Roper was regarding point of view. Roper maintains that the parts of the story told from the male point-of-view are a different level of Antoinette’s consciousness. I had not looked at it that way before and it certainly gives me pause. I had looked at it as a writing technique used by Rhys to deepen meaning and create a more balanced picture. Considering the information provided as revelations made by Antoinette on her search for answers injects a new level of complexity to the story and to Antoinette’s character. As a reader, I immediately picked up on the connection between Antoinette’s relationship with her mother and mental state. Roper, however, dove much deeper. She makes a compelling case that â€Å"the society, and her husband, acting on their assumptions, created conditions which aggravated the existing ones and contributed to her disorientation,† (Roper 30). The genetic predisposition for insanity was there, but it was the environment around Antoinette that pushed her over the edge. Antoinette struggled not only for love and acceptance, but also for psychological independence and her own voice. The more she struggles to claim these, the deeper she drifted into abyss. Roper’s most significant argument, for me, is the purpose of Antoinette as storyteller and the role of Rhys. She writes, â€Å"behind Antoinette’s dramatic re-experiencing is Rhys the producer and director, the puppeteer who manipulates her puppet to tell the tragic story of a woman who was aware of complexity but was unable to realize her real feminine personality† (Roper 33). While there were similarities between the lives of Rhys and the character she created, Roper’s argument made me consider the more universal story Rhys was telling. Through Antoinette, Rhys challenges the impact of patriarchy on women. It reveals far more than simply rule by men; it illuminates the internal struggle to find self. Further Research Since a great deal of Antoinette’s struggle’s deal with her search for identity and acceptance, additional research on Creole society and emancipation add another layer of comprehension to Wide Sargasso Sea. It would further develop the sense of society and the interaction of whites and blacks, but it would also provide context for the journey of discovery and self-awareness that Roper asserts is a vital part of the underlying theme throughout the novel. Historical information would fill in the blanks about the role of England on Jamaican society and the natives’ reaction to it.

The Six Sigma

Globalization coupled with round the clock access to information, products and services have transformed the manner in which business are conducted. The highly competitive environment of the present day does not allow any scope for error to creep in. Customers must have to be kept always delighted and companies have to persistently work out novel ways to exceed the expectations of the customers. Due to these reasons, Six Sigma came to be part of the culture of eminent companies. Six Sigma is an extremely structured process that assists companies in focusing on the development and delivery of product and services that are close to perfect. Sigma is a statistical term that calibrates the degree a particular process deviates from perfection. The core concept behind Six Sigma remains that in case it is possible to calculate the number of flaws or defects one has in a given process, it is possible to thoroughly know the manner in which to remove them and attain the level of ‘zero defect' as far as practicable. Adoption of Six Sigma has transformed the basic structure of General Electric — GE and has become the work culture in everything one does and every product designed. (Making customers feel Six Sigma) In order to attain Six Sigma quality, a process should not exceed 3.4 defects per million opportunities. An ‘opportunity' stands for a chance for noncompliance, or not fulfilling the needed stipulations. This implies that businesses have to be close to ‘zero-defect' in implementing the core processes. Six Sigma constitutes a vision which companies endeavor towards and a philosophy that is a constituent of business culture of companies. In its core, Six Sigma centers on a few important concepts. These are (i) Critical to quality: Attributes are vital to the customer. (ii) Defects: Unsuccessful in delivering what the customer desires. (iii) Process capability: What process it is able to deliver. (iv) Variation: The things that the customer witnesses and feels (v) Stable operations: Making sure consistent, predictable processes so as to improve what the customer is able to see and feel. (vi) Design for Six Sigma: Designing to fulfill the requirements of the customer and process capability. One of the most important aspects which companies fail to recognize is that assessment from the company level is based on average or averages that are based on mean of the latest results. However, customers do not judge companies on averages, they perceive the variance in every transactions and every product that is shipped. The main idea of Six Sigma remains primarily in reducing process variation and thereafter on improving the capability of processes. (Key concepts of Six Sigma) A question that is usually put is the difference between Six Sigma and TQM. The tools are fundamentally identical based on the level of TQM sophistication. In case Six Sigma is applied exclusively at the project stages to eliminate flaws, it constitutes a segmental improvement approach with some structure and discipline. This can be extremely precious, however misses much of the real importance of Six Sigma and the crucial differences between TQM and Six Sigma. It is important that the real values of Six Sigma begins to exhibit when it is integrated with the strategic plan of the organization assisting to execute that plan with a concentration on paying the customers. (Differences and similarities between Six Sigma and TQM, total quality management) Various Methodologies of Six Sigma: (i) The DMAIC Model: Six Sigma originated in Motorola's quality enhancement initiatives in the later part of 1980s. During the 1990s, Six Sigma attained popularity due to the success of General Electric and Honeywell implementing Six Sigma. Whereas the name Six Sigma has assumed wider implications, the basic idea of Six Sigma statistically speaking is to enhance the processes in such a manner that at the minimum six standard deviations between the worst case specification limit and the mean of process variation is present. In common meaning it implies that the process is essentially free from flaws. The apparatus used in Six Sigma are the identical tools applied by the Quality Improvement Tools in the 1970s and the initial part of 1980s. Of course it has appealing tags attached to it like ‘Black Belt', however its true value lies in the methodical approach to development. (Six Sigma: Total Quality Engineering) The DMAIC acronym stands for Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control. Important product process performance variables are measured, analyzed, improved and controlled through the use of statistical methods. The simple â€Å"statistical† tools which gained popularity in the Total Quality reign are strengthened with the Design of Experiments — DOE and higher sophisticated Statistical Process Control techniques. The DMAIC process is an edition of the PDCA — Plan-Do-Check-Act which a lot of people find helpful. Undoubtedly, Six Sigma can be helpful for organization to improve processes. The most optimum approach is to align the Six Sigma projects with the strategic business plan of the organization. (Six Sigma: Total Quality Engineering) (ii) The DMADV Model: This model is applied to build new product or process designs in such a manner that it outcomes in an increasingly expected, established and ‘zero-defect' performance. Five phases are present that consists of Define, Measure, Analyze, Design and Verify. Under ‘Define', goals are formally defined of the design activity, which are in keeping with the demand of the customer and the enterprise strategy. ‘Measure' identifies the capabilities of the product, capability of the production process, assessment of risk etc. ‘Analyze' develops the design alternatives, building of high-level design and assess design capability to choose the best design. ‘Design' develops detail design, design optimization of design and plan for design confirmation. This phase might need simulations.' ‘Verify' validates the design, establishes pilot runs and executes the production process and handover to the process owners. This phase might also need simulations. (Six Sigma: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia) Usefulness of Six Sigma in the Organizational Strategic Planning Processes: Six Sigma characterizes a distinct roadmap in the achievement to Total Quality. (i) Leadership Commitment: The top management not just initiates the deployment of Six Sigma; it also contributes actively in the entire deployment cycle. Six Sigma starts by giving the senior leadership with the training in the principles and instrument requires in order to direct the development of a management infrastructure to support Six Sigma. This entails lowering the levels of hierarchy of the organization and elimination of procedural hurdles to experimentation and change. (ii) Customer focus: Systems are built for setting up close communications with â€Å"external customers' — i.e. direct customers, the suppliers, end-users, law making agencies and with internal customers — i.e. employees. Right from the upstream suppliers till the final end-users, Six Sigma removes the scope for flaws. (iii) Strategic Deployment: Under the aegis of Six Sigma, it aims at a small number of high-financial leveraged items. It concentrates the company's resources: correct support, correct people, correct tools and correct proposals on finding and enhancing the performance metrics which link to bottom-line success. (iv) Disciplined framework: The projects under Six Sigma are implemented through the use of Measure, Analyze, and Improve as well as Control disciplined roadmap. It is this MAIC structured approach which establishes a distinct procedure to help in the internal communication. Apart from this, from a business viewpoint, Six Sigma is also a structure for continuous business improvement. (v) Education and Training: Six Sigma considers that right dedication is propelled by correct understanding. Since it is fact-based methodology, it deeply makes use of quality and statistical tools to convert a practical problem to a practical solution. Therefore a top-to-bottom training is undertaken according to the Six Sigma philosophy and system improvement methods for every level. (Total Quality through Six Sigma) To conclude, the approach and deployment of Six Sigma renders it distinguishable from other quality endeavors. Six Sigma methods uses the statistical tools within a structured method for benefiting the knowledge necessary to attain better, speedier and less costly products and services compared to what the rivals are offering. The continuous, structured application of the master strategy repeatedly in projects, where the projects are chosen based on important business objective propels the return on investment to the bottom-line with the outcome that it leads to remarkable profits. Besides, prompted by the improvement to the bottom-line, the apex management will be repeatedly be dedicated to this approach, the work culture will be repeatedly cultivated, the customer will certainly be satisfied ones and this will ultimately lead to Total Quality.

Senior Year – Memory Book

The final year of high school has now come. When my parent's told me that high school would fly by, they weren't kidding. I never put much thought into the fact that high school is a mere four years of my life. In the grand scheme of things, it's hardly any time at all. Although It really did fly by, I have enough memories to last a lifetime. I remember walking through the doors on my very first day of school as a freshman. I walked into room 315 and sat down in my first period class. It was world history and Mrs.. Francis was my teacher. I sat down, scared out of my mind, and waited for the bell to ring.That first bell tone signified the beginning of my high school career. My schedule was extremely easy first semester. I had Foods, Business Management, Consumer De, Lunch, Gym, Warrior Warehouse, English and Algebra 2. I had some incredible teachers, which included Mrs.. Tradeoff, Mr.. Gross, Mrs.. Burr, Mrs.. Chart and Mr.. Mere. I have had so much fun and I loved having each of the m. When second semester rolled around, It wasn't so easy. I only had four real classes, but a few of them were tough. My schedule went along the lines of Foods, Government, College Com H, Lunch, CICS, Warrior Warehouse, Gym, and Algebra 2.This year I was lucky enough to have Mrs.. Tradeoff, Mr.. Burr, Mrs.. Myers, Mr.. Hosking's and Mr.. Myrrh. They have been one amazing group of teachers. I learned so much from each and every one of them and I could not thank them enough. The beginning of my senior year, I was asked to be in the warrior warehouse Instead of having a study hall. Mr.. V called me down to his office and I remember being so scared because I never even knew where his office was. He then asked me to be In there and I said yes. I was thrilled because I have always thought I was a great leader and knew that I had a full Job to take on.It was my responsibility to make ere I did not let anyone steal and when a problem occurred I let Mr.. V know Immediately. It was such an ho nor that he asked me to be In there and let alone ask me again for the rest of the year. High school has been an emotional roller coaster for me. Eve stayed up until two a. M. Working on assignments, crying over boys, and deciding what to wear for picture day. I have met and lost friends throughout my four-year Journey, and I have changed more than I ever thought I would. However, the most important part of high school has been learning who I am. As clichà ©Ã‚ © as it may sound, high school is the place whereI found myself. Eve flourished with my strengths and struggled with my weaknesses. Though it was difficult at times, and I wanted to give up often, It was all worth It. High school has been full of crazy events, From the SST. Baldric's day rallies to the four and a half hour ACT, it has been one memorable journey. T Off It seems like only yesterday I was reading Romeo and Juliet in Mr.. Rebecca English class. Now, I am Just months away from graduating and starting my life. My g randpa once told me that I would spend four years trying to get out of high school, and the rest of my life trying to get back in.He was exactly right. I thought high school would be a drag and I would never get out. Being Just months away from graduating, I wish I could start all over. Although it has been an incredibly dramatic and emotional Journey for me, I don't regret a single moment of my high school career. I have had the chance to meet some amazing students and teachers. I have coasted through classes, and I have been pushed to my limit. I learned that learning has no boundaries and the things I learn in school will definitely come into play later in life. I Just wish I had taken a second to stop and look around. High school really did fly by.

Numismatics – Gupta Coins

Introduction The story of coins is interwoven with the history of mankind. To trace its story, one has to look back to the remote past. When people settled in localities and the communities grew in size, the exchange of products became a necessity; then the mutual exchange of things took the shape of trade and the system of barter was evolved. In course of time, certain commodities got preference over others and a higher value was attached to them. They assumed the character of a medium of exchange and got a standard by which the value of other things was estimated. Thus emerged the notion of the unit of value. This was the first step towards the evolution of coinage. The reconstruction of ancient Indian history necessitates the importance of archaeological evidences of a particular period. Amongst the various archaeological sources the numismatical evidences are of prime importance. ‘Numismatics’ is generally known as ‘the study of old coins’ which are used for the reconstruction of ancient Indian history. The reign of the Guptas in Indian history is a fascinating one. As a matter of fact, it saw a prosperous and plentiful life. Towards the beginning of the 4th century A. D. , the dynasty of the Gupta emperors rose out of a small principality, situated somewhere in Eastern Uttar Pradesh or Bihar; and it lasted for more than two centuries. The founder of the dynasty was Sri Gupta. It was the most renowned, prosperous, ever progressing and self sufficient dynasty in ancient Indian history. This dynasty produced emperors of class who not only expanded and consolidated the political power of India but also administered excellent economic and administrative techniques which led to happy social living during their reign. As compared to the empire of the Mauryas, the Gupta empire was less extensive, but more enduring than that of the Mauryas. This period of the Guptas is known as ‘the classical age of Indian history’ because this period witnessed the growth of arts and sciences in all the conceivable branches of learning. Almost all Gupta rulers issued their own coins. The coins of the Gupta rulers are very useful for the reconstruction of their history. Features of the Gupta Coins The Gupta coins had certain remarkable features; which were originally an idea of the Guptas themselves. These features were more or less similar throughout the rule of different Gupta emperors. The coins are classified into 4 groups:- Gupta gold coins Gupta silver coins Gupta copper coins Gupta lead coins The Gupta emperor chiefly issued gold coins. They issued them in such a large number that a contemporary poet has rightly termed the phenomenon as â€Å"_a reign of gold_†. The earlier gold coins of the Guptas were deeply influenced by the coinage of the later Kushanas. But the later Gupta coinage show more superiority in their execution, and they are considerably original in their style. The influence of the Kushana coins on the early coins of the Guptas is seen especially in their dress and posture as depicted on their coins. For e. g. the early coins of the Guptas show the standing king at the altar. This is very much similar in pose and posture of the kings as shown of the Kushana coins. The king on these coins is seen wearing the Kushana long coat and trouser of the Kushana pattern or replace by Indian dhoti and form was changed as the king is shown bare- bodied. The Guptas retained the method of placing the name of the king perpendicularly in Chinese fashion on the left hand. They placed the circular Brahmi inscription around the king. On the reverse side of the early coins of the Gupta rulers, Greek goddess Ardokshowas retained. Gradually, this pattern was changed, and Lakshmi, an Indian goddess with a lotus in her hand is depicted on the coin. On some coins she is shown seated on a throne and on some others seated on a lotus. The archer type coins of the Guptas are the most commonly issued coins by all the rulers of the Gupta dynasty. These coins generally show the king holding a bow in his left hand. Sometimes the king also holds an arrow in his right hand. Another remarkable feature of these coins was the use of significant symbols and accompaniments like trees, alters, tulsi plant, dwarf, garuda, bows and arrows, animals like tiger, lion, horse, elephant, peacock, etc. These elements added more meaning to the coins and also reflected the artistic approach of the Guptas. Another interesting feature was the variety and sub- variety found in each type of coin issued by the different emperors. Also the debasement of the silver metal was an interesting and innovative feature which reflected the development of science in this age. Also, the art of writing which is depicted by the legends inscribed on these coins show that the literature of that period was at its peak and Sanskrit was a well researched language. Thus, the use of Sanskrit and the art of calligraphy marked an important feature of the Gupta coins. Coins of Samudragupta Samudragupta ruled from 335 A. D to 380 A. D. The title ‘Samudragupta’ meant that he was protected by the sea up to which his dominion extended. He was famous for his campaigns and conquests which earned him the title of ‘_Indian Napoleon_’. He expanded the Gupta Empire in all spheres from political, economical to cultural aspects. Samudragupta inaugurated a new idea in the history of Indian numismatics. He issued as many as 8 different types of coins in pure gold. He learnt the technique of minting coins from the foreign rulers who brought the techniques with them and then he added his own creative sensibilities and thereby evolved an indigenous pattern of coins which was acclaimed to be the best coins. Standard Type It is the earliest and the most common type of the Gupta coins. On the obverse the king is shown standing. A halo can be seen around his head. The dress like coat and trousers recall the Kushana influence. He is also seen wearing a long, rope necklace and earrings. He holds a standard in his left hand and sprinkles incense on the altar with his right hand. Besides the altar there is a garuda. The word Samudragupta is engraved on it along with a legend in the honour of the king. On the reverse, goddess Lakshmi is shown. She is seated on a throne, has ornaments and is seen holding a cornucopia- a symbol of fertility and prosperity. Her feet rest on a lotus. The legend of Parakrama is inscribed on the reverse side of these coins. Chandragupta Type The name of these coins is Chandragupta type because on the observe we see Chandragupta I and his queen Kumaradevi. This type is also called as Dynastic King and Queen Type. A halo is seen around the king’s head. He is holding a staff. On the left is the legend, Kumaradevi or Shrikumaradevi. On the reverse, goddess Durga is seated on a lion holding a cornucopia in her left hand and a lotus in the right hand. The legend is ‘_licchavi_’, it suggest of a special honour in which licchavi was placed by Samudragupta. He takes pride in his inscription to proclaim Licchavi Dauhitra. Archer Type Coins of the Archer Type of Samudragupta are very rare. They are frequently mistaken for the common Archer Type coins of Chandragupta II. From a study of their design, style, and fabric – it's apparent that these coins were struck during the early stages of Gupta Empire while the mint masters were still trying to refine the styling and design. King Samudragupta is shown as a young man on all of the coins of this type (as compared to coins of the Lyrist type where he is shown as an older person). These coins were most definitely struck during the early stage of his campaign to conquer majority of the neighbouring Kingdoms to unite them under a new unified Empire – the start of what was to finally become the magnificent Gupta Empire. On the observe, the king is shown standing. He holds a bow in his left hand and an arrow in his right hand. A garuda standard is on his left. The reverse shows a seated Lakshmi. Battle Axe Type Usually, these coins are found in much worn condition. During Samudragupta’s early reign, while he was conquering all of the kingdoms from the North to the South, East and West, this type of coin must have been a very popular form of advertising the King's prowess and an excellent way to send a message to the unconquered regions of the upcoming siege. The Allahabad Pillar Inscription does not contain the description of Samudragupta as Kritantaparasuh, Battle-axe of the God of Death, although the epithet is invariably applied to him in later official documents. This type obviously celebrates Samudragupta’s many successful battles and showcases his military might. In this coin type, he holds a battle axe in place of a standard with one hand and his other hand is usually on his waist. In place of an altar (as shown on the Standard Type), there is a dwarf holding a crescent-topped banner. The circular legend on the obverse is Kritanataparasur-jayatya jita rajajetajitah; it describes the irresistible prowess of the emporer and states that ‘Victorious is the conquerer of unconquered kings, himself invincible as a veritable battle-axe of the God of Death' Tiger Slayer Type At the height of his power, Samudragupta now starts living the Royal life and his coins depict his Royal Stature for the populace. This coin is very unique in its style – for the first time in Indian history a coin shows a king as a brave and powerful king, killing the powerful Tiger. On the observe the King is standing on the left, wearing ceremonial turban and dhoti, drawing his bow and aiming at an open mouthed tiger which rears up in front of him as he tramples on it, legend Vyaghraparakramah at right, crescent above lion's head. On the reverse Raja Samudraguptah, in field right, the goddess Ganga standing on the left, on an elephant-headed fish (makara), she holds a long-stemmed lotus in left hand, her empty right hand is outstretched and a crescent topped standard decked with ribbons is in field. The progressive change is seen on these coins with regard to the design, execution and content. There is no trace of foreign influence. Asvamedha Type The Asvamedha coins of Samudragupta are probably one of most beautifully executed coin designs in all of Indian numismatics. The Asvamedha ceremony or horse sacrifice was a way for Samudragupta to celebrate the victories of his conquests of Northern, Western and Southern India. These coins were probably handed out as commemorative tokens during this hold ceremony and were probably not used as part of commerce. This may be the reason that Asvamedha coins discovered 2000 years later are still in good condition. This particular coin is a very rare variety of the Asvamedha type. The Queen is shown in the reverse as a Pregnant Queen. On the observe, A beautiful rendition of the horse, tied to a yupa, the letter si (short for siddham). Horse standing on the platform vedi. Penons of cloth flying from the top of _the yupa over the horse. Circular Legend: Rajadirajah pritvimavitva divam _jayatayahritavajimedhah (The King of Kings, who had performed the Vajimedha (Asvamedha) sacrifice, wins heaven after protecting (or conquering) the earth). On the reverse, Pregnant Queen (Queen Dattadevi) shown standing next to Yupa, holding a Chauri in hand and standing on a Lotus. Asvamedhaparakramah (One powerful enough to perform the Asvamedha Sacrifice). Lyrist Type On the observe, the king is shown sitting over a couch keeping a veena on his lap. He has only a waist cloth with big earrings and a necklace. The legend Mahadhiraja Sri Samudragupta is seen. The reverse of the coin depicts a goddess standing. Samudragupta’s personal accpomplishments as a musician is fully confirmed in this coin. The goddess, therefore, must be Saraswati as she is the muse for music in Indian Mythology. The Tiger Slayer and Lyrist type are the best specimens of Samudragupta’s coins with regard to his non- regal activities. With these coins, we can say that India had set her standard in the science of Art and Minting. Kacha Type On the observe, the king is shown standing, holding a standard which has a chakra on the top of it. He sprinkles incense on the altar. The legend reads, kacha after conquering the earth, conquers heaven by means of good deeds. On the reverse, goddess Lakshmi is shown standing. She holds both a lotus and a cornucopia. The legend reads, the exterminator of all kings. Coins of Chandragupta II Archer type This is the most common type coin. The observe shows the king holding a bow and arrow, while he is offering incenses to the altar. Besides him there is a standard with a garuda on the top. The legend shows Chandra. The reverse side shows Lakshmi holding a lotus and a cornucopia. The legend reads Srivikramah. The archer type has 2 varieties, the throne reverse and the lotus reverse. Couch Type These types of coins are rarely found and issued in the early king’s reign. On the observe, the king is seen seated on a couch, holding a lotus in one hand and resting the other on the couch. The king is wearing a waist cloth and jewellery and is completely Indianised. The legend reads Rupakriti and Vikramadityasya. The reverse side shows goddess Lakshmi seated on the couch with a lotus and a cornucopia in her hands with her feet on the footstool. The legend reads Srivikramah. These coins depict the king’s success and prosperity and are an expression of his physical and cultural qualifications. Chhatra Type Lion Slayer Type These coins represent a large variety of specimens. On the observe side of these coins, the king is dressed as a hunter, killing a lion. The legend reads, Narendrachandra Sinha Vikrmamah. On the reverse, goddess Durga is seated on a lion. It may be noted that Samudragupta’s Tiger slayer type signified his conquest of Bengal whereas Chandragupta’s Lion slayer type signify his conquest of the Gujarat region. Silver Coins Chandragupta II was the first Gupta ruler to issue silver coins. After conquering the Ksatrapa kingdoms in western India, Chandragupta started issuing silver coins which were very similar to the local currency in the region – the silver Ksatrapa coinage. The observe of these coins show the king’s bust with the date of the Gupta era. On the reverse, the symbol of the Saka coins is replaced by the figure of the garuda. These silver coins are very rare and few in number. They are mostly found in the western region of his empire. Copper Coins Chandragupta II Vikramaditya was again the first to issue copper coins. Generally on these coins, the king is seen on the observe and the garuda on the reverse with variations in their figures. Evidence shows that there was also a Chhatra type of copper coin. There were in all 9 types of copper coins. Copper coinage had not evolved to its maximum and they were also very rare and hard to find. Thus, the innovations in the coinage of Chandragupta II Vikramaditya comprise of gold, silver as well as copper coins. This was a remarkable progress in the art of coinage. Coins of Kumaragupta I Kumaragupta I reined from 414 A. D to 455 A. D. Historical evidence shows that he was also called Sakraditya and Mahendraditya. The power and the glory of the Guptas were at its peak and attained great heights under Kumaragupta. Besides other political, economical, social and administrative works, he is noted for the large number of coins he issued. The types and varieties of coins that he issued reflect the extent of the territory in which the coins were in circulation. He mainly issued gold, silver and copper coins. A few types of coins issued by Kumaragupta I are as follows : Archer type They were of different variety and types. The legends which appear on the observe are Kumara, Maharajadhiraja Sri Kumaraguptah, etc. While the reverse side bears a single legend, Sri Mahendrah. Swordsman type This was a type of innovation carried out by Kumaragupta I. The observe side of this new coin shows the king wearing a waist cloth and jewellery. He is seen casting incense on the altar with one hand and the other hand is on the sword that is tied at his waist. A garuda is seen on the left side and a legend is inscribed on it. The reverse side of this new type of coin shows goddess Lakshmi seated on a lotus. She is seen with a lotus in her hand and a garuda is shown along with a legend which is similar to the one on the observe. Horseman Type The observe shows the king riding a horse and it has a variety of legends. The reverse side shows the goddess Lakshmi seated on a wicker stool with a lotus with a long stalk in her hand and there is a uniform legend, Agitamahendrah. This is consistent on all the varieties of this type. Lion Slayer Type The observe side shows the king wearing a waist cloth with a sash. He is also wearing jewellery. He is shooting a lion with a bow in one hand. The reverse side shows goddess Durga seated on a lion, holding a cornucopia and a lotus in her hands. The legend on the reverse is _Sri Mahendrasinhah or Sinha Mahendrah. _Varieties in this type are seen mainly in terms of legends which are differently attributed in excellent, flowery language. Tiger Slayer Type Like Samudragupta and Chandragupta II, Kumaragupta also issued both the tiger slayer and the lion slayer coins. They were similar to his predecessors but due to evolution of new techniques, skills and styles, these coins were more skilfully and meaningfully carved. On the observe we see the king wearing a head dress, waist cloth and jewellery and is shown in action of shooting a tiger. The bow is held in the right hand and the left hand is shown drawing the string of the bow. His right foot is shown trampling the tiger. The legend shown is Srimam Vyaghraybala parakramah – ‘the glorious king, whose strength and valour is like that of a tiger’. The reverse shows goddess Durga in a standing position. She is holding a long stalked lotus in her left hand and is feeding a peacock some fruit with her right hand. The legend reads as Kumaraguptadhiraja. The most outstanding feature of this coin is that for the first time a peacock is has been used in a Gupta coin. This was a new trend started by Kumaragupta. Peacock / Kartikeya Type Elephant Rider Type The king is shown on the observe holding a goad in his right hand and is seen seated on an elephant. Behind him is an attendant holding an umbrella over him. The reverse shows goddess Lakshmi standing on a lotus flower and also holding a lotus in her left hand. Kumaragupta’s gold coins were more skilful and refined. Though gold was the chief metal used, he even issued silver coins. Silver Coins Kumaragupta I issued silver coins in abundance. His silver coins are classified in 4 categories or classes with some varieties in each. The coins in the class I category was similar to Chandragupta II. The obverse had traces of corrupt Greek letters and a well executed garuda was shown on the reverse. In class II, one can see that the features of the Ksatrapas are done away with. Also the Greek letters from the obverse and the garuda from the reverse are omitted. Class III marked the return of Kushana features. The Greek letters are reframed and well executed and the garuda is seen with all body, no neck and prominent wings on the obverse. On the reverse a legend is inscribed. In the class IV coins all Ksatrapa features were omitted. The obverse was changed by eliminating Greek letters and replacing them with a Brahmi date. A peacock that is the vehicle of the god Kartikeya of whom Kumaragupta was a devotee was shown. Later on class V of coins was introduced. They were silver plated and had a copper core. This lead to the debasement of silver. Copper Coins Coins of Skandagupta Skandagupta, the son of Kumaragupta reigned from 455 A. D to 467 A. D. He was considered the sole hero of this dynasty. The Junagadh pillar inscription and the Bhitari pillar inscription gives us a detailed account about the life, succession, history and achievements of Skandagupta. Although the standard of coins decreased, the issuing of new coins did not. He issued different types of coins both in gold and silver. Archer Type On the observe, the king is seen holding a bow and arrow with a garuda to his right. The reverse shows goddess Lakshmi with a lotus with the legend Sri Skandagupta. This is the most common type of gold coin. King and Lakshmi Type On the observe he king is shown with a bow, arrow and a lady who is not the queen, but is goddess Lakshmi, with a garuda between them. On the reverse, again we can see goddess Lakshmi with a lotus in one hand. This type of coin is also called the King and Queen Type. Some historians say that they are somewhat similar to the Chandragupta type coins of Samudragupta, but this is not entirely true. Silver Coins Mainly 3 types; Garuda, Bull and Archer type. Coins of other Gupta Emperors Coinage of the Guptas was at its peak during the reign of Samudragupta, Chandragupta II Vikramaditya, Kumaragupta I and Skandagupta. After these rulers, the Gupta coinage saw a downward graph. After Skandagupta, Purugupta also issued gold coins of the Archer type. He also issued the Horseman type of coins. Kumaragupta II succeeded Purugupta. He took an active interest in issuing coins. He promoted minting of coins even during the lean days of the empire. Once again we see that his most commonly issued coins were of the Archer type. The reign of Buddhagupta is very important in the history of Gupta coinage because it is the rediscovery of the pride and prestige of the Gupta coinage after the dark ages it went through. He issued rare silver coins. Though the coins of the later Guptas reflect the decline of the dynasty and the art of coinage, one can see evidently that each ruler tried his best to continue the tradition of issuing coins of various types and forms. Conclusion A detailed study of the Gupta coinage reveals the outstanding features of the Gupta dynasty. The contribution of the Guptas to the field of coinage was remarkable and greatly appreciated. Though the art of coinage started very early, it reached its zenith in the classical age of the Guptas. The contribution of the gupta coins is of great help in the reconstruction of the history of ancient India. It not only serves as the numismatical evidence but also gives us an insight into the political, social, economic, cultural and religious life of that age. These coins give us knowledge about the various titles which were given to the various Gupta rulers, like, Vikramaditya, Maharajadhiraja, etc. Coins also reveal names of some unknown rulers. They also reveal the names of their queens, their sons and other family members. The coins also help us to fix the chronology and they give us dates and periods and other details. For example, Coins of Samudragupta give us exact dates of the various events that took place during his rule. The coins tell us about the territorial expansion of the empire. The economic advancement can also be gauged as per the number of gold coins found. These coins also throw some light on the dress, ornaments, furniture, weapons and general lifestyle of that time. The tiger slayer and lion slayer type of coins tells us about the passion of hunting of the rulers. The horseman and elephant type of coins reveal the love for riding and the lyrist type shows us the musical side of Samudragupta. Gupta coins are finally studied as pieces of art as they are the finest examples of Numismatic Art in India. Even though other dynasties issued coins they lacked the style and technique, skill and quality of the Guptas that are considered, so far, as the best Indian works in the field of coinage in Indian history. Hence, they are rightly quoted as the landmark in the field of ancient Indian coinage. Bibliography ?Samel, Elements of Archaeology, Museology & Library Sciences, Manan Prakashan, Mumbai, 2007 ? Parmeshwari Lal Gupta, Coins, National Book trust, India, 1969 ? A. S. Altekar, Coinage of the Gupta Empire, Numismatics Society of India, India.

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