Rwanda Genocide Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Rwanda Genocide - Coursework Example The next aspect of this paper studies the possibilities for averting genocide based on recognition of its conditions and the factors driving its achievement. Potential preventive measures were present on a time-continuum, with mediations being possible during the phase prior to real genocide; more direct courses of action existing in the months leading up to and during the genocide; and possible ways for prevention of further/future genocide that happen in the aftermath. Prevention can take place at various levels, in relation to the impact that may be applied on individual, organizational or structural aspects. There have been many endeavors to describe genocide since the term was coined. First in 1944 Raphael Lemkin, defined genocide as "the coordinated and planned annihilation of a national, religious, or racial group by a variety of actions aimed at undermining the foundations essential to the survival of a group as a group" (Lemkin, 1944). Lemkin also asserted that genocide is a "form of one-sided killing" in which the offender aimed to get rid of their victims who by contrast have no similar intention. Lemkin's definition was followed by many others such as the 1946 UN Resolution that defined genocide as "the denial of the right to exist of entire human groups, as homicide is denial of the right to live of individual" (Chalk and Jonassohn, 1990). On December 9, 1948, the United Nations ratified the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. This convention delineates "genocide" as an international crime, which participant nations "undertake to prevent and punish." It defines genocide as: '[G] enocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: a. Killing members of the group; b. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; c. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; d. Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; e. Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.' Regardless of the fact that many cases of group-targeted violence have taken place throughout the history and even since the Convention came into effect, the legal and international development of the term is focused into two diverse historical periods: the time from the defining of the term until its approval as international law (1944-1948) and the time of its

Patriarchy And Violence Against Women Essay Example for Free

Patriarchy And Violence Against Women Essay Author Charlotte Perkins Gilman in her The Man-made World or Our Androcentric Culture (1911) presents the most comprehensive statement of her overall theory. In it she argues that we live in a patriarchy or what she calls an androcentric, male-centered society and that our culture in all its aspects reflects this androcentric bias. Gilman sees this bias as destructive because the male sensitivity is destructive. A woman-centered, or better a mother-centered, world would be very different, because it would express the positive, benign character pf women’s sensitivities. In this work, and in His Religion and Hers, Gilman presents her most extreme statement of the radical differences between men and women. These differences she attributes to prehistoric roles assigned the two sexes. The male naturally fights, and naturally crows, triumphs over his rival and takes the prize—therefore, he was made male. Maleness means â€Å"war† (92) while the basic feminine impulse is to gather, to put together, to construct; the basic masculine impulse to scatter, to disseminate, to destroy† (114). A male-centered culture reflects these negative masculine concerns in nearly every area of expression. Some of Gilman’s most original contributions to feminist theory are contained in her discussion of the ideological warp impressed upon language, art, literature, sports, education, government and religion by the androcentric perspective. While public society is organized as a democracy, the man-made home remainsâ€Å"despotism. † â€Å"The male is esteemed the ‘head of the family’; it belongs to him; he maintains it; and the rest of the world is a wide hunting ground and battlefield wherein he competes with other males as of old† (41). In the â€Å"proprietary family† of the patriarchate, women remain men’s property in the household; they are little more than objects whose purpose is â€Å"first and foremost†¦ a means of pleasure to him† (32). Every law and custom† of the â€Å"family relation† is arranged from the masculine viewpoint (35). â€Å"From this same viewpoint†¦ comes the requirement that the woman shall serve the man. † (35). A greater challenge occurs when campaigns to improve gender equality by promoting the well-being of the marginalized are conducted in sync with trade and development policies that favor the economically strong multinationals and compromise the welfare of the lowly locals, particularly the helpless women and children. We ought to remember that sexism and patriarchy are all manifestations of a power struggle between the strong and the weak, the same kind of struggle linked to globalization and trade liberalization today. Patriarchy involves an imbalance of power between man and woman leading to unequal roles and benefits, a situation that can be seen in a larger context between the developing and the industrialized economies, as the latter’s efforts to spread globalization and to weaken the former’s trade laws also leads to unequal gains. Globalization’s capitalistic intent, although beneficial in several ways since it brings development to poorer states, may be cultural imperialism dressed in new clothes when the more powerful party uses its stronger bargaining authority to manipulate or exploit. (Gilman) â€Å"In no developing region do women experience equality with men. † This clear-cut statement from the World Bank, the reputed international monetary institution, relays one of the most apparent yet often overlooked realities of our time—gender inequality. Gender inequality is a significant social concern that deserves to be analyzed with the utmost diligence using both empirical and scholastic evidences. This inequality is deeply entangled in the fabric of the everyday lives of many men and women, and it has been in existence since time immemorial. Gender inequality, from its very name, implies an uneven treatment based on one’s gender. Essentially, gender inequality is the prejudice that one gender, usually the female, is secondary and subordinate to the more capable and hence superior male gender. Many societies practice gender inequality, with the men reinforcing it and the women passively receiving it, because it is considered part of an enduring patriarchal culture. Deviating from this norm means that one runs the risk of being branded a weak husband or a bad, undeserving wife. Both cases are an embarrassment to the individual and the family. The causes and effects of gender inequality are part of a larger network of social problems that compound the difficulties people face everyday. It is deeply related to other social problems, such as poverty, economic growth and development, and globalization. The World Bank (2001) underscored the notion that gender issues are now more prominent in debates related to development, though the relevance of a gendered perspective in policy-making is yet to be widely understood. Thus, based from its report, gender inequality ought to be considered when drafting developmental policies for poor and developing states because failing to take into account gender roles and relations as well as disparities lead to policies that â€Å"have limited effectiveness† (p. 5). Although gender disparity is characteristic of developing and poor states, it is not restricted to them. This phenomenon is also observed in wealthier and developed regions where both men and women are relatively affluent and do not experience scarcity of resources. In these rich societies, minor but noticeable gender-based discrimination remains. â€Å"Gender discrimination crosses races, classes and ethnicity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  remarks Lucy Bednarek (1998, p. 60) in her article, â€Å"Searching for Equality in a Global Economy. Compared to the gender gap in these wealthier states, gender inequality in poor states poses graver consequences to its citizens. The devalued women and their children feel the pangs of poverty and bear the heavier brunt of economic unproductivity with greater intensity, compared with the men who possess greater freedom, privilege, and economic and political control. As stated by the UN (2004) in Trade and Gender, â€Å"A gendered perspective of development is seen as a difficult enough task,† so that extending the gendered approach to the â€Å"realm of trade† is considered to be an even bigger challenge (55). Yet the organization believes that international trade must assume a gendered approach wherein accelerated economic growth and sustainable development will take place without endangering the well-being of the women and children in the community. The issue of trade has become so important in the consideration of gender equality because the current multilateral trade negotiation and regional trade agreements (RTAs) have pervaded state development policies. Because of these ubiquitous bi- and multilateral negotiations and agreements, governments do not just make decisions solely for the state but also according to the dictates of the global and regional environment or the overall plan of their affiliated economic groups. This environment therefore affects policies on gender; for the UN (2004, 56), â€Å"Every major move in the trading system can have direct or indirect implications for a country’s gender welfare, equity and development goals. † The crime of rape and other forms of violence against women have come into increasing focus in recent years, due in part to the rising prominence of the feminist movement. Rape has come to be widely perceived not only as a means of obtaining sexual gratification but rather as an extreme manner of expressing hostility to women. This broader definition of the term is related to the heightened awareness that far more often than not sexual aggression occurs within the context of courtship or friendship relationships (called â€Å"acquaintance rape† or â€Å"date rape†) or even that of marriage. The recognition that the forms of coercion used by men over women can go beyond direct and overt use of force brings legal theory closer to reality. However, some scholars fear that expanding conceptualization of rape and the imprecise definition of sexual harassment serve to blur the distinction between the sexes, especially between the expanded conceptualization of rape and male initiated seduction. These problems in defining behavior can exacerbate the difficulty in obtaining rape convictions from male jurors who may perceive an uncomfortable similarity between some of their own past actions and those of a defendant in such cases. Clearly, there is heightened sensitivity to the problems of rape and sexual harassment that will lead to accelerated efforts in legal and legislative policy formation. Reflecting this heightened sensitivity is the $1. 6 billion in the 1994 Crime Bill to fund Violence against Women Act. The challenge is to fight rape and harassment in all their forms while protecting the rights of women.

Motherly Love Essays -- essays research papers

Motherly Love   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the three stories we read by Flannery O’Connor; â€Å"The Comforts of Home†, â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge†, and â€Å"The Enduring Chill†, the major relationship portrayed was between mothers and their hypersensitive sons. While all of the major characters, the sons, were noticeably similar, the lesser characters of the mothers were also very alike in many ways. Many of their views, gestures and outward qualities paralleled throughout the stories. After rereading all of the stories again I came to the realization that the mothers O’Connor wrote in her stories were variations of the same person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the qualities that jump out first is that all three mothers are incredibly proud of their sons, even if they have no reason to be. Julian’s mother loves to tell people how her â€Å"son finished college last year. He wants to write but he’s selling typewriters until he gets started† (10). She does not care that he has not truly written anything, but that he has graduated college and that he is trying to get his life on track. She is constantly reminding him that â€Å"Rome wasn’t built in a day† (11), and she truly believes this about her son; that eventually he will go places with his writing. Mrs. Fox, Asbury’s mother, while not particularly glad that he is a writer, is proud that he is an artist and has every faith that her son â€Å"might be writing a long book† (90). While not as vocal about how she is proud of her son, she is happy that he is doing what he wants; writing. Thomas’ mother was often found boasting about her son to Star Drake. In the two’s first meeting, Thomas’ mother tells Star that â€Å"Thomas writes history†¦ He’s the president of the local Historical Society this year† (123). This statement alone proves that she is impressed by what her son does and what he has become in his life, otherwise I doubt his mother would have mentioned it. A lot of the pride these mothers have in their son’s may be due to the fact that, except in the case of Asbury, they are only children to single mothers. Since they are all portrayed as older women, of course they will have pride in what their sons do, since they have little in their lives to boast about. Yet, it seems to me that these mothers feel their sons can do no wrong in life, which may be a cause of why their sons tend to walk all over them. &nb... ...l are single and assumed to be widowed. O’Connor uses the blue eyes to further connect these background characters who have more in common then what initially meets the eye.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the three stories by Flannery O’Connor that we read for class, the mothers played more important roles then initially thought. They help to shape the story and their sons. Each of them has their own individual qualities, but is very similar to the others. They are all proud of their sons and their achievements, even though these boys feel that they are lacking in one-way or another, are very innocent in all that they do and think, and have many similar outward qualities. These factors put together lead me to believe that O’Connor had the same person in mind when writing each of these stories. Maybe she used different aspects of the same person, but it would be hard for me to believe that more then one person was in mind when writing these stories. The same innocent, heart-driven, blue-eyed mother was depicted in all three stories, just in slightly different situations. In summary, O’Connor had the same person in mind when writing about the mother in all three of these stories.

Maneka gandhi Essay

The main issues before the court in this case were as follows; -whether right to go abroad is a part of right to personal liberty nder Article 21 . Whether the Passport Act prescribes a ‘procedure’ as required by Article 21 before depriving a person from the right guaranteed under the said Article. -Whether section 10(3) (c) of the Passport Act is violative of Article 14, 19(1) (a) and 21 of the constitution. -Whether the impugned order of the regional passport officer is in contravention of the principles of natural Justice. The Supreme Court in this case reiterated the proposition that the fundamental rights under the constitution of India are not mutually exclusive but are interrelated. According to Justice K. lyer, ‘a fundamental right is not an island in itself. The expression â€Å"personal liberty’ in Article 21 was interpreted broadly to engulf a variety of rights within itself. The court further observed that the fundamental rights should be interpreted in such a manner so as to expand its reach and ambit rather than to concentrate its meaning and content by Judicial construction. Article 21 provides that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except in accordance with procedure established by law but that does not mean that a mere semblance of procedure rovided by law will satisfy the Article , the procedure should be Just , fair and reasonable. The principles of natural Justice are implicit in Article 21 and hence the statutory law must not condemn anyone unheard. A reasonable opportunity of defense or hearing should be given to the person before affecting him, and in the absence of which the law will be an arbitrary one. One of the significant interpretation in this case is the discovery of inter connections between Article 14, 19 and 21 . Thus a law which prescribes a procedure for depriving a person of â€Å"personal as o ul II t t tl the requirements otA 14 and 19 also. Moreover the ‘procedure established by law’ as required under Article 21 must satisfy the test of reasonableness in order to conform with Article 14. Justice Krishna lyer in this case observed that, â€Å"the spirit of man is at the root of Article 21†, â€Å"personal liberty makes for the worth of the human person† and â€Å"travel makes liberty worthwhile†. The court finally held that the right to travel and go outside the country is included in the right to personal liberty guaranteed under Article 21 . Section 10(3) (c) of the Passport Act is not violative of Article 21 as it is implied in the provision that the principles of natural justice would be applicable in the exercise of the power of impounding a passport . The defect of the order was removed and the order was passed in accordance with procedure established by law. The hon’ble Supreme Court in this case laid down a number of other propositions which made the right to life’ or ‘personal liberty more meaningful. Maneka Gandhi case has a great significance in the development of Constitutional law of India.

Should Poetry Be Banished from Human Life

The main aim of this paper is to decide whether we should banish poetry from the human world or not. In order to reach this decision we first have to get back to some of the legendary figures in literary criticism of all time such as Plato, Aristotle and Philip Sydney and see for our selves how they treated this issue and answered some important questions concerning literature. Literary Criticism is the branch of study concerned with defining, classifying and evaluating works of literature. It began almost simultaneously with creation. However, it was only with Plato that criticism became a vital force in the ancient world. Plato was born probably in 427 B. C. He was the first conscious literary critic who has put his ideas in a systematic way in his dialogues. In his Ion and Republic (precisely book X), he expressed his condemnation of poetry. Ironically, admirers of Plato are usually lovers of literary art. It is so because Plato wrote dramatic dialogues rather than didactic volumes and did so with rare literary skill. You would expect such a philosopher to place a high value on literary art, but Plato actually attacked it. He argued that it should be banned from the ideal society that he described in the Republic. Plato objected to poetry on three grounds: Educational, Philosophical and moral point of view. Plato’s objection to Poetry from the point of view of Education is emphasized when he condemns poetry as fostering evil habits and vices in children in â€Å"The Republic† Book II. Homer’s epics were part of studies. Heroes of epics were not examples of sound or ideal morality. They were lusty, cunning, and hungry for war. Even Gods were no better. This is clear in Plato’s Ion: If we mean our future guardians to regard the habit of quarrelling among themselves as of all things the basest, no word should be said to them of the wars in heaven, or of the plots and fighting of the gods against one another, for they are not true (11). Thus he objected on the ground that poetry does not cultivate good habits among children. Plato accuses poetry of telling lies to children. However, he has no objection to children being told untrue stories if they are edifying stories. He wanted to tell children that there never has been quarrelling between citizens. He says in The republic: If they would only believe us we would tell them that quarrelling is unholy, and that never up to this time has there been any quarrelling between citizens: this is what old men and old women should begin by telling children; and when they grow up, the poets also should be told to compose or them in a similar spirit. (11) Plato’s objections against poetry from a Philosophical point of view become clear in his attack on what he called mimesis (imitation). He explains that poetry does not offer reality but unreal imitations. However, Philosophy is concerned with truth. According to his theory of mimesis, arts deal with illusions far away from the truth. He said in book X of The Republic: â€Å"then the imitator, I said, is a long way off the truth†. 17) In his opinion, Philosophy is better than poetry because Philosophy deals with idea while poetry is twice removed from the original idea. He made his point clear when he compared the poet to the painter who imitated a bed that was designed by a carpenter and before that, was originally created by God. Plato was an idealist. He believed that Ideas alone are true and real and that the earthly things such as beauty and goodness are mere copies of the ideal beauty, goodness which exist in heaven or the world of Ideas. He said: Well, then, here are three beds: one existing in nature, which is made by God, as I think that we may say-for no one else can be the maker?.. And what shall we say of the carpenter-is not he also the maker of the bed? Yes. But would you call the painter a creator and maker? Certainly not. Yet if he is not the maker, what is he in relation to the bed? I think, he said, that we may fairly designate him as the imitator of that which the others make. Good, I said; then you call him who is third in the descent from nature an imitator? Certainly, he said. And the tragic poet is an imitator, and therefore, like all other imitators, he is thrice removed from the king and from the truth. (15, 16) Plato says that since the idea of the bed belongs to God; the maker and we can also consider the carpenter who built it a maker of a copy. However, the painter only imitated another copy which makes him thrice removed from reality. As a moralist, Plato disapproves of poetry because it is immoral, as a philosopher he disapproves of it because it is based in falsehood. He is of the view that philosophy is better than poetry because philosopher deals with idea / truth, whereas poet deals with what appears to him / illusion. This is very clear in The Republic, Book X, when he says: And what is the faculty in man to which imitation is addressed? What do you mean? I will explain: The body which is large when seen near, appears small when seen at a distance? True. And the same objects appear straight when looked at out of water, and crooked when in the water; and the concave becomes convex, owing to the illusion about colors to which the sight is liable. Thus every sort of confusion is revealed within us; and this is that weakness of the human mind on which the art of conjuring and of deceiving by the light and shadow and other ingenious devices imposes, having an effect upon us like magic, True. (19, 20) Thus, in his opinion, true reality consists of the ideas of things and objects in our world are reflections or imitations. Therefore, poetry is inferior to philosophy as the artist imitates these objects existing in our actual world and as a result, his work is an imitation of an imitation and is built on illusion. He believed that truth of philosophy was more important than the pleasure of poetry. He argued that most of it should be banned from the ideal society that he described in the Republic. One of Plato’s important theories is his theory of inspiration. In his Ion, he gives a psychological account of literary creation. He is interested in how men come to write poetry. He compares the state of the poet when he writes poetry to a state of madness or unconsciousness. He explains that the poet does not speak his words but is rather captured by inspiration or what he called ‘The power divine’. He says: For the poet is a light and winged and holy thing and there is no invention in him until he has been inspired, and is out of his senses, and the mind is no longer in him: when he has not attained to this state, he is powerless and is unable to utter his oracles. (9) Thus, he believes that poetry is nothing rational, and that is why even the poets themselves do not often understand what they write in that moment. Therefore, poetry cannot be relied upon as it is not the result of conscious. His last objection on the moral effect of poetry is that it harms by nourishing the passions, which ought to be controlled and disciplined. Plato thinks that it is the duty of the wise man to control passion by reason; poetry by exciting and strengthening the passions, makes this task more difficult. In Plato’s opinion, whatever encourages and strengthens the rational principle is good, and emotional is bad. In The Republic, Book X, Plato says: Then the imitative poet who aims at being popular is not by nature made, nor is his art intended, to please or to affect the rational principle in the soul; but he will prefer the passionate and fitful temper, which is easily imitated †¦. And therefore we shall be right in refusing to admit him into a well-ordered state, because he awakens and nourishes and strengthen the feelings and impairs the reason †¦ Poetry feeds and waters the passion instead of drying them up; she lets them rule, although they ought to be controlled, if mankind are ever to increase in happiness and virtue. (22) Then he attacks tragedies and comedies explaining their effect on both actors and spectators who might imitate their act. He believes that imitation soon becomes a second nature and the actor who imitates tends to behave like the object of his imitation. Tragedies give an uncontrolled expression to the emotions of pity and grief and thus play a woman’s part. In his The republic, Book X, he says: Hear and judge: The best of us as I conceive, when we listen to a passage of Homer, or one of the tragedians, in which he represents some pitiful hero who is drawling out his sorrows in a long oration, or weeping, and smiting his breast- the best of us, you know, delight in giving way to sympathy, and are in raptures at the excellence of the poet who stirs our feelings most. Yes, of course I know. But when any sorrow of our own happens to us, then you may observe that we pride ourselves on the opposite quality- we would fain be quiet and patient; this is the manly part, and the other which delighted us in the recitation is now deemed to be the part of a woman. Very true, he said. Now can we be right in praising and admiring another who is doing that which anyone of us would abominate and be ashamed of in his own person? No, he said, that is certainly not reasonable. (22, 23) Similarly, for example, one who imitates a female part in a comedy tends to grow effeminate. Imitation will make him cowardly or clownish, if such roles are imitated. In order to explain this in his The Republic, Book X, Plato said: And does not the same hold also of the ridiculous? There are jests which you would be ashamed to make yourself, and yet on the comic stage, or indeed in private, when you hear them, you are greatly amused by them, and are not at all disgusted at their unseemliness; the case of pity is repeated; there is a principle in human nature which is disposed to raise a laugh, and this which you restrained by reason, because you were afraid of being thought a buffoon, is now let out again; and having stimulated the risible faculty at the theatre, you are betrayed unconsciously to yourself into playing the comic poet at home. 23, 24) For all of the above reasons, Plato insisted that all kinds of poetry should be banned from his ideal state that he created in his The Republic. In this respect, Plato says: Therefore, Glaucon, I said, whenever you meet with any of the eulogists of Homer declaring that he has been the educator of Hellas, and that he is profitable for education and for ordering of human things, and that you should take him up again and again and get to know him and regulate your whole life according to him, we may love and honour those who say things-they are excellent people, as far as their light extend; and we are ready to acknowledge that Homer is the greatest of poets and first of tragedy writers; but we must remain firm in our conviction that hymns to the gods and praises of famous men are the only poetry which ought to be admitted into our state. For if you go beyond this and allow the honeyed muse to enter, either in epic or lyric verse, not law and the reason of mankind, which by common consent have ever been deemed best,but pleasure and pain will be the rulers in our state. (24) However, Plato decided to play fair with lovers of poetry. That’s why he granted a chance to all poets and defenders of poetry to be a part of his ideal state and to be allowed to return from exile, only if they made a fine literary work that proves that poetry does not just delight but is also useful to human life. Plato says: Shall I propose, then, that she be allowed to return from exile, but upon this condition only that she make a defence of herself in lyrical or some other metre? Certainly. And we may further grant to those of her defenders who are lovers of poetry and yet not poets the permission to speak in prose on her behalf: let them show not only that she is pleasant but also useful to states and to human life, and we will listen in a kindly spirit; for if this can be proved we shall surely be the gainers I mean, if there is a use in poetry as well as a delight? Certainly, he said, we shall be the gainers. (25) Those are Plato’s principal charges on poetry and objection to it. Before we pass on any judgment, we should not forget to keep in view the contemporary social conditions in which he lived. It was a time of political decline. Education was in a sorry state. The epics of Homer were part of studies and Homer’s epics were misrepresented and misinterpreted. However, they were venerated by the Greeks almost like The Bible. In them, there are many stories which represent the gods in an unfavorable light. So they were the common objects of criticism on the part of philosophers and educationists. The wonderful flowering time of Greek art and literature was over. Literature was immoral, corrupt and degenerate. Women were regarded inferior human beings and slavery was wide spread. Confusion prevailed in all spheres of life intellectual, moral, political and educational. There was a constant debate between the philosophers and poets. Thus, in Plato’s time, poets added fuel to the fire. He looked at poets as breeders of falsehood and poetry as mother of lies. Ironically it was Plato's most famous student, Aristotle, who was the first theorist to defend literature and poetry in his writing Poetics against Plato’s objections and his theory of mimesis. Aristotle was born in 384. B. C. For centuries during Roman age in Europe and after renaissance, Aristotle was honored as a law-giver and legislator. Even today his critical theories remain largely relevant, and for this he certainly deserves our admiration and esteem. In Poetics, his main concern appears to be tragedy, which in his day was considered to be the most developed form of poetry. Another part of poetics deals with comedy, but it is unfortunately lost. In his observations on the nature and function of poetry, he has replied the charges of Plato against poetry.

Cybersecurity Example

Cybersecurity Example Cybersecurity – Coursework Example Cyber security Grade (8th, Jan. Cyber security Response to First question and answer In my opinion, the argument presented in response to the failure of firewall to prevent intrusion is plausible; since firewall cannot protect a whole network from intrusion by all forms of intrusion. While it can help in preventing the intrusion of local network by internet attacks, it might not be able to prevent internal intrusion. Therefore, the dependency on firewall alone is not sufficient security measure, since it leaves the internal intrusion uncovered, which is another intrusion threat. Additionally, I agree that D&A Company ought to have applied an Intrusion Prevention System, since it would have helped to detect any anomaly or alteration in the performance of the company’s network, and thus help to detect the intrusion by Billy, since his activities on the network would have been detected as an anomaly. Response to Second question and answerIn concurring with the response to this qu estion, Honey pots are used as a side trap for tracking hackers and other intruders into a network system. However, depending on how honey pots are used, they might end-up being discovered by the intruders as only traps, more so if they are not developed in a manner that make them appear like genuine networks. Therefore, the efficiency and effectiveness of honey ports depend on the ability to develop them and locate them at the most appropriate locations in the networks, where the hackers and intruders cannot easily discover them as traps. Thus, in agreement with the answer to this question, adequate resources, manpower as well as proper planning and timing on the honey pots placement is essential, to make them effective network security tools.

Free Essays on Hamlets Restraint

Hamlet’s irresolute nature is what causes him to over analyze each situation of uncertainty instead of taking action. His excessive deliberation prevents him in his goal to seek revenge and gain the throne. In due course, his procrastination and inability to act leads to his defeat. Hamlet seems incapable of premeditated action. When he is most bound to act, he remains perplexed, undecided, and skeptical, delays with his purposes, till the occasion is lost, and finds out some motive to relapse into idleness and contemplation again. For this reason he refuses to kill the King when he is at his prayers, and by a refinement in cruelty, which is in truth only an excuse for his own want of resolution, defers his revenge to a more fatal opportunity, when he shall be engaged in some act that has no enjoyment of escape in it. "Now might I do it pat now he is praying; And now I'll do 't; - and so he goes to heaven; And so am I reveng'd? - that would be scanned: A villain kills my father; and for that I, his sole son, do this same villain send To heaven. O, this is hire and salary, not revenge... Up sword; and know thou a more horrid hent, When he is drunk asleep, or in his rage." (Shakespeare, III, iii, ll. 74-90) Because Hamlet cannot have his revenge perfect, according to the most polished idea his wish can form, he declines it altogether. His ruling passion is to think, not to act: and any indistinct pretext that compliments this tendency instantly diverts him from his previous purposes. Hamlet’s hesitancy in his thoughts develops further into a more serious debate with himself in Act One, Scene One during his soliloquy. For such a significant decision, Hamlet’s uncertainty overrides any common reason he may possess. As he is grappling with the difficulty of taking action against Claudius and the fact that he has not been able thus far to revenge his father's murder, as well; causes him to have trouble deciding whether or not ... Free Essays on Hamlet's Restraint Free Essays on Hamlet's Restraint Hamlet’s irresolute nature is what causes him to over analyze each situation of uncertainty instead of taking action. His excessive deliberation prevents him in his goal to seek revenge and gain the throne. In due course, his procrastination and inability to act leads to his defeat. Hamlet seems incapable of premeditated action. When he is most bound to act, he remains perplexed, undecided, and skeptical, delays with his purposes, till the occasion is lost, and finds out some motive to relapse into idleness and contemplation again. For this reason he refuses to kill the King when he is at his prayers, and by a refinement in cruelty, which is in truth only an excuse for his own want of resolution, defers his revenge to a more fatal opportunity, when he shall be engaged in some act that has no enjoyment of escape in it. "Now might I do it pat now he is praying; And now I'll do 't; - and so he goes to heaven; And so am I reveng'd? - that would be scanned: A villain kills my father; and for that I, his sole son, do this same villain send To heaven. O, this is hire and salary, not revenge... Up sword; and know thou a more horrid hent, When he is drunk asleep, or in his rage." (Shakespeare, III, iii, ll. 74-90) Because Hamlet cannot have his revenge perfect, according to the most polished idea his wish can form, he declines it altogether. His ruling passion is to think, not to act: and any indistinct pretext that compliments this tendency instantly diverts him from his previous purposes. Hamlet’s hesitancy in his thoughts develops further into a more serious debate with himself in Act One, Scene One during his soliloquy. For such a significant decision, Hamlet’s uncertainty overrides any common reason he may possess. As he is grappling with the difficulty of taking action against Claudius and the fact that he has not been able thus far to revenge his father's murder, as well; causes him to have trouble deciding whether or not ...

Abortion Ethics Essay Sample

Abortion Ethics Essay Sample Abortion Ethics Essay The abortion debate has been in the mainstream media for a long time now. Since the Roe vs. Wade case in 1973, there emerged two factions (pro-choice and pro-life) that have always held disputing arguments over the issue of abortion. These two have continued to disagree long after the Supreme Court made their decision in 1973. People in the pro-choice group believe that the right to abortion is a woman’s choice and the final decision must always be with her. Their stance is based on the argument that women have the right to decide over their bodies and therefore, should be left to make the choice. Conversely, the pro-life faction believes that it is unethical and immoral to terminate a pregnancy. To them, abortion is synonymous to killing because it helps end the life of a human organism. The arguments presented are indeed valid and cannot be easily ignored. Currently, with technology advancing at a high rate, the process of abortion has become easy and less painful. However, is it ethical or moral? Another question that needs clarification are fetuses people and do they have the same rights as people? The answer to the second question is the most important and should help to shed light on the first question. First of all, a fetus is a human organism and comparing it to cells is wrong. Each fetus translates to a life and terminating one is the same as ending the life of another person. People in the pro-choice category believe that women have a right to decide what happens to their bodies. While this point does indeed make sense, it should never be a case for abortion. The above is because we consider killing a crime and the same way it is wrong to kill a person now, it should also be wrong to kill one early or during the fetal stage. Human beings develop but never change. We are and have always been the same organism throughout our existence and therefore, just like it is wrong to kill us now, it should warrant punishment to terminate a pregnancy. Pro-choicers often argue against the above notion by saying that we are not the same and have, currently, developed complex functionalities compared to how we were before. However, the truth is, we remain the same being regardless of how much w e develop. Who is a person and why should or at what stage of our life should one be considered a person. The universal belief of personhood holds that a person has a certain moral status which must never be breached or violated unless the measures involved are extreme. It is often argued that it is wrong to kill a person because it would rob them off their future, relationships, and future accomplishments. Some philosophers argue that the need to fulfill certain goals in life as well as experience our lives is what makes us persons. Pro-choicers often use this argument to argue that a fetus does not qualify to be considered a person because they do not yet hold the capacity to yearn for their future. However, the above sentiment forms the argument of shunning abortion because the world should, therefore, strive to let the fetuses develop. Terminating a pregnancy steals the future, future experiences and accomplishments, and relationships for a person. Just like we have developed to the point o f yearning and pursuing our goals, fetuses should also be left to develop to the same point. Finally, fetuses do have a right to life just like a fully grown person. The same way the women have a right to their bodies is exactly the same way that fetuses have a right to live. Babies need their mothers or special attention especially at the early stages of their lives. They cannot survive on their own and therefore, have to be fed and taken care of. As dependent as they are on other people, babies are said to have a right to life. Fetuses, on the other hand, are said to lack the right to life. However, the above should not be the case because they just like babies, fetuses are at stages of development where they are dependent on women. Therefore, they do possess a right to live. The pro-life and pro-choice lot never see eye-to-eye on a number of occasions. However, they often agree that abortion should be allowed on a number of occasions. For example, when the life of the mother is at stake when the child would be born with complications, if the conception is as a result of rape or sexual abuse, etc. These arguments are indeed valid and mainly represent the one time that pro-choicers and pro-lifers agree. In conclusion, abortion is indeed ethically wrong and should warrant punishment. While it should be allowed on a number of occasions, it should not be left to the women to decide whether it is okay or not. Fetuses are developing and terminating a pregnancy robs them off their future experiences, accomplishments, and relationships.

Answering Job Interview Questions for Opening Job at Chevron Co Essay

Answering Job Interview Questions for Opening Job at Chevron Co - Essay Example I have identified, developed and technically. I have Teaching and training capabilities as well. 2. Why did you choose your current university and major? What did you find most fulfilling and most difficult about your major? I had identified my aptitude for Engineering as I endeavored in many activities which were connected with the principles of engineering. Many of my hobbies were also closely associated with Engineering. I had participated in a number of co-curricular activities including science exhibitions which helped me develop my attitude towards Engineering. By the time I had to join for graduation I had decided to major in the current subject. My search for a cause effective engineering program ended up in †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦University as its commitment to action-based-learning attracted me the most. The †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ is really an exciting program which can offer me great opportunities to work closely with my classmates and practically learn to face real challenges. I admire the †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ learning style which heavily emphasizes on practices and systematic learning cycle. The experience will empower me to be effective ‘in the team’ and ‘in leading the team’. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦also holds the legacy of a strong alumni network and the collaborative culture will ensure guidance throughout the career. The most challenging experience about the subject was the vastness of its applicability. This forced me to read and research extensively on the subject. 3. Describe a situation, either professional or personal, where you faced a particular difficulty. What was the outcome, what did you learn from the experience and what would you do differently if faced with a similar situation again? One if the most difficult situations that I had faced were taking forward the voluntary work as the Work Instructor during my high school days. All through my of my High School days, my leadersh ip abilities and my affinity towards the society were proven as I enthusiastically led the show to arrange tutorials and allied events as a part of the voluntary work.  

Establishing an Illegal Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Establishing an Illegal Business - Essay Example Establishing an Illegal This paper shows how to establish a lucrative ecstasy-manufacturing firm in the country The medical department refers to ecstasy to be illegal since there is drug has no medicinal value. They argue that the drug has effects on the human brain with effects such as hallucination. Despite the medical reasons, the drug still attracts a large market demand. At this point, the first steps of starting a business are in place. The beginning tasks such as the product type and the size of business is already in place. The second step involves being aware of the customers’ needs. The main customers of the product would target the young generation. The young generation holds the largest demand for the ecstasy drug. There should be enough information concerning the manufacture and distribution of the drug. To have a proper network that would coordinate the flow of the drug; the firm would work closely with other distributors and study how the drug rotates. Next is to identify the area that would best fit the establishment of the company. The area should be one that does not attract any suspicion to the authorities. The best way would be to establish a camouflage firm that would cover the identity of the drug. Identification of financial, natural, man-made and human resources for the firm should be available freely. A business plan would assist with the planning and calculation of the requirements. This is the trickiest part before the actual running of the operation. At this point, it would be difficult to trust the operators for information. In addition, the government has spies from top agencies that are out to fight the production and distribution of drugs. Therefore, as the planning occurs, the company would import the products from outside countries to test the market (Koellhoffer 24). Importation would need the firm to seek creative methods that would challenge the border security. The government concentrates on cracking down on drug traffickers along the Mexic an border and major airports. The security is tight in those areas because Mexico is a major drug trafficking country. The government has produced information that links drug trafficking to the Islamic terrorist groups. Associating with the terrorist groups openly, would link the firm to drug trafficking, thereby, blowing its cover (Brott 48). There would be need to establish connections along the customs officials that would assist in importing the products. After making the order from the outside country, the firm would claim to be importing materials to set up a local pharmaceutical firm. In the process of importing the materials, the firm would smuggle some quantities of ecstasy to try into the market. The operations at the customs would require the influence of powerful individuals in the country to see to it that the drugs come in. As mentioned above, drug business is a billion dollar enterprise headed by powerful people in the country. Many of the firm’s expenses would include paying off powerful individuals who influence the drug trade in the market (Harvard Business School 67). Ones the drug is in the market, the firm would begin by first having agents who distribute at parties. Through this, the agent would interact with other drug agents from other countries. Soon the drug distribution system will be in place, enough for the firm to supply to the other agents from different drug cartels. Once the firm establishes the proper networks necessary to meet the requirements for profitable

Compare and Contrast Two Museum Web sites Essay

Compare and Contrast Two Museum Web sites - Essay Example The study tells that both websites have content that keeps viewers engaged in the website for a longer time. The background color of the website highlights certain contents in bold or various colors. National Gallery Art has a single template while the Frist Center for the Visual Arts website has two templates. The template of the National Gallery Art has individual objects, which are provided with resolution images that have a zooming effect. This is different from the Frist Center for the Visual Arts, whereby the two templates of the have two layouts. The First layout of the website is a masonry layout. This layout is flexible from a larger screen monitor to a mobile device. This layout is used for website calendar, multimedia section, and the home page. The second layout for the website is the general interior. This layout is used for basic substance like the general information, exhibition detail pages, and new items. The images are large, and most part of the website utilizes a white space to make the website feel like walking in the museum. However, the National Gallery Art website has perfect exhibition presentations from the collection and has other treasures consisting of excellent features on categories such as â€Å"conservation objects†. Although the National Gallery Art has a single template, the zooming effects and exhibit presentations make this website more exciting and interesting. The website of the Frist Center for the Visual Arts contains large images, which have no zooming effect; rather a white space with large images. (Rynd, Scala, & Knowles, 28). The National Gallery of Art website contains a storage area of digital photos including the National Gallery of Art. The open access images of the Frist Center of the Visual Art website comprises of slide shows of zooming images articulated with their descriptions and uploaded dates. The top section of the National Gallery of Art web site has options for downloading images, browse, share and search. The website has a standard-based reproduction benchmark and assists section to offer advisory services for the experts and beginners. This website has more than twenty thousand open access digital photos up to three thousand pixels. Each pixel is available for free to use and download. The images are designed to facilitate exploration, enrichment, enjoyment, and learning. To begin with image searching, the user enters a search term in the box labeled Quick Search Box that is located on the upper right hand section of the web site. Most of the National Visual Art websites open access images are digitized for easy access. I have an interest in visiting the National Gallery Art more than the Frist Center for the Visual Arts due to the interesting images. The National Gallery of Art has more collections of photographs which makes it more attractive to me. This is clear on the fact that I enjoy photography. Some of the featured image collections of the National Visual Art web sites include Samuel H. Kress Collection, Frequently requested, and what’s new. The top section of the website comprises of the following guide menu: Collection, exhibitions, education, conservation, research, calendar, visit, support, and shop. Some of the listed images of the Frist Center of the Visual Art include online features, Ellsworth, Exhibitions, and the collections. The website has three parts; top, middle, and bottom section. The top section contains the menu the second section contains the image collection, and the bottom section also contains menu guide. The menu guide includes: About, Opportunities, Press, NGA images, Newsletter, Notices, Contact US, and Audio/Video. The featured image collections of the Frist Center of the Visual Art are more educative art-wise as compared to the National Visu

Civilisation and the arts in london Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Civilisation and the arts in london - Essay Example They export music and celebrities in every part of the world. People of London copy the hairstyle and dresses of their favourite celebrities. Music occupies important place in London’s fashion culture. People show great interest in listening music on television, internet and on audio media. Media, television, audio media and sports all influenced the fashion in the life of youth and children specially. Music and dance parties are the main feature of nightclubs of London. Same trend of parties is also prevailing in fashion weeks (Foreman, 2005). Independent group caused the emergence of British pop art in London. Painter Richard Hamilton, Curator and art critique Lawrence Alloway and sculptor Eduardo got together in the London school of contemporary arts to promote popular culture in London. They first met in 1952 in London where Eduardo presented his celebrated college entitled â€Å"I was a rich man’s play thing†. All the emphasis during the discussion was laid on artistic values and interrelation of popular mass culture. In 1955, another member of the group Hamilton produced his college â€Å"just what is it that makes home so appealing†. This was recognized as the pioneer example of British pop art in London. Afterwards, number of people joined pop art and did reasonable work in expansion of pop art in London. ... Youth still follow this Beatles fashion in London. Jurgen Vollmer was a schoolchild in 50s, who left his hairs hanging down on his forehead. This style was copied by the young boys of that time. But main reason of fame was rock music. Beatle mania is spreading very fast and youth love the Beatle’s music in London (Foreman, 2005). Artistic contributions of great English artists have influenced the life of Londoners. Artists attracted people to make people understand the depth of architectural work. Architectural work of English people in visible in the form of, castles, churches and government buildings in and around London. This architectural work is counted masterpiece work in the architectural era of England. (White, 2001) Variety and quality of foodstuff available in London is matchless with rest of the England. London is considered as the main hub of English food culture. Rising of London as one of the best cities of the world encouraged Londoners to promote English food c ulture in the city. Unlike other parts of the country, London has seen increase in number of casinos. All types of English dishes are available in London restaurants and hotels. Celebrated chefs also love to show their cooking potentials in London. This very culture of London influences the fashion and entertainment. (White, 2001) London is the centre of fashion activities in the world. London fashion weeks are symbol of quality dress designing in the world. Number of celebrities show up for advertising the work of English fashion designers. Catwalk fashion of London fashion shows greatly influences the popular consumer culture. Fashion designers tend to promote their work by following the lifestyle of famous sports and music figures

UKCCA Event Project assessment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

UKCCA Event Project assessment - Coursework Example All the activities listed above are potential fun filled activities that can be a good source of relaxation and the students that the communities living near the centre could engage in. the centre needs to clearly plan for the activity chosen and the target group of customers so that it achieves success in hosting any of the events. During this time the centre will host a couple’s night out and a special dinner party. The party should include a special dance session at the end which will be a performance by an artist to be decided upon by the organizing committee. The party whose main attraction group should be young couples who do not get the chance to go out during the year, should include themes that attract the young couples especially in collage and those that have just left collage. This group is targeted because they do not get the chance to go out often due to schooling commitments or work and at this festive time they would consider an outing. The dinner will include a meal preferably a buffet served at the restaurant. The guests who will have specific preferences will be allowed to send in their requests in time to facilitate earlier preparation. At the end of the dinner, a music band will entertain the guests and a dance will be in order to conclude the function. The party will include costs for hiring the venue in order to host the event. An ample seating space for the guests and parking should the visitors need the same. The seating allowance at each table will be as indicated by the management of the centre. The costs at each table will be at normal charges and the payment of the Disk jokey and the performing artist will be catered for by the event crew. In addition, more ushering staff will also be hired by the organizing committee. For the entire plan of financing the whole party, kindly see the

Employee Relations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Employee Relations - Research Paper Example It is recommended to consider the employees as valuable assets and make them spend time on telecommuting. A flexible work schedule can also be introduced in the company to increase the morale of the employees (Time Inc, 2013). It was also viewed that the products produced in the company were low in quality because of which it was facing severe problems. Thus, it is considered that the company should establish certain goals related to quality in order to measure the manufacturing process of the organisation and the outcomes of the manufactured product. It is also recommended to focus on the initiative of improving the outcomes of the manufactured product that would help Philips to obtain recognition in its new plant of Manila. Besides, administrators functioning at the new plant should ensure that they provide their expertise of guiding and consulting the workers in their respective departments to make certain that the workers achieve their targets and the quality and the overall perf ormance of the workers are improved. In addition, it is very important to classify the potential opportunities for improving the quality of products by constantly monitoring the work performance and ensuring that the standard and quality of the goods produced meet the expectation of the customers along with providing them optimum satisfaction. It is also very essential for the administrators to design a system that is very efficient as per the work requirements so as to implement initiative for improvement which would directly.

UKCCA Event Project assessment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

UKCCA Event Project assessment - Coursework Example All the activities listed above are potential fun filled activities that can be a good source of relaxation and the students that the communities living near the centre could engage in. the centre needs to clearly plan for the activity chosen and the target group of customers so that it achieves success in hosting any of the events. During this time the centre will host a couple’s night out and a special dinner party. The party should include a special dance session at the end which will be a performance by an artist to be decided upon by the organizing committee. The party whose main attraction group should be young couples who do not get the chance to go out during the year, should include themes that attract the young couples especially in collage and those that have just left collage. This group is targeted because they do not get the chance to go out often due to schooling commitments or work and at this festive time they would consider an outing. The dinner will include a meal preferably a buffet served at the restaurant. The guests who will have specific preferences will be allowed to send in their requests in time to facilitate earlier preparation. At the end of the dinner, a music band will entertain the guests and a dance will be in order to conclude the function. The party will include costs for hiring the venue in order to host the event. An ample seating space for the guests and parking should the visitors need the same. The seating allowance at each table will be as indicated by the management of the centre. The costs at each table will be at normal charges and the payment of the Disk jokey and the performing artist will be catered for by the event crew. In addition, more ushering staff will also be hired by the organizing committee. For the entire plan of financing the whole party, kindly see the

Frankenstein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Frankenstein - Essay Example † Apparently, it seems that Dr. Frankenstein is the real culpable since he has created it ugly. But a close analysis will reveal that the society which fails to accept and nurture the creature is the real culprit. Indeed, the Victor’s creature is initially a sociable one which yearns to have a companion, but he is betrayed by his creator. He is the one who helps a wounded peasant girl; but in return, he is beaten by other peasants. Finally, it turns into a revengeful being because of the ill-treatment of the society. In fact, the creature gives what he receives from the society. He is the product of the society. Though Victor’s creature is a fantasy being, the novel teaches the readers that even animals, who are endowed with humanly quality and who even look monstrously dangerous, should be treated good but carefully. If a tiger, even though it is dangerous, is killed, the ecological balance will be destroyed. In the article â€Å"All Animals Are Equal,† Pe ter Singer argues that man should give the same respect to animals, since all humans and non-humans are equal. He claims that a prejudiced view to other species makes men cruel to other animals, and, as he comments, the definition of a specie is â€Å"a prejudice or attitude of bias in favor of interests members of one’s own species and against those members of other species† (Singer 3). Indeed, what he means by this statement is that members of one species will put their interest on the members of other species, even though it is against the interest of the other species. For instance, if an interest can benefit a human being, man will do it to get the interest even if it is against other animals. Even Victor’s monstrous creature is assumed an animal, it should have not been treated badly. Also, Peter Singer defines equality as follows: â€Å"The principle of equality of human beings is not a description of an alleged actual equality among humans: it is a pres cription how we should treat human beings† (Singer 3). Singer essentially argues that human beings should have respect for other human beings. If Victor and his society acknowledged the creature either as a man or even as an animal, they would accept him and nurture him properly. But they have not accepted the creature; instead, they treat it badly only to arouse the monstrous behavior in it. According to Singer, animals also feel pain, as he says, â€Å"there are no good reasons, scientific or philosophical, for denying that animals can feel pain. If we do not doubt that other humans feel pain we should not doubt that other animals do so too† (Singer 7). If Victor and his society understood that the creature also has a mind and feel pain, they would not treat it badly. Mary Shelly’s effort to bestow the creature with human feelings, qualities and yearnings, basically, challenges the assertion that the creature is a really dangerous monster. The terrible look of the creature does not prove that the creature should be treated badly. Initially, the creature is as naive as a child. It yearns to love and to be loved. It wants a female companion to be accompanied. Frankeinstein could attempt to socialize it, instead of being horrified by the creature’s frightening look. Dr. Frankenstein is not only the creator of the monster. In a sense, he is also its father. He cannot end his responsibility only by creating it. He should have

The schools of organization theories Essay Example for Free

The schools of organization theories Essay The schools of organization theories serve as the poles of support in keeping the order in an organization through the organizational functions. Each school of thought functions in a unique way causing changes in a certain work environment. The four schools of organizations theories that were listed are the human relations approach, neo- human relations school, the theories X, Y and Z (also known as the theories of motivation) and the systems approach. Major organizations that make use of the said theories include the finance undertakings, operations or productions, marketing and personnel purposes. These functions must be executed effectively and efficiently to be able to achieve the organization’s objectives. The organizational theories are manifested to almost all functions but in order to see a clearer perspective, specific reflections of the theories to each organizational function will be laid down. The human relations approach applies to the personnel functions. It dwells on the change of relationship between the leader and the subordinate. There is existence of decentralization and decision-making which let the employees be involved to enhance skills. The neo- human relations school is the â€Å"upgraded† version of the human relations school. Thus, it can also be reflected in the personnel functions. The said organizational theory patterns its principles to the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. But, viewing form another perspective, the theory can also be utilized through meeting the goals of the marketing division. In marketing processes, advertising of a certain business entails the consideration of psychological aspects. In considering which marketing strategy to use, getting the consumer to respond to a certain product is important. This can be done through highlighting the achievement of human needs in an advertisement. For example, a television advertisement about a body spray targets the market segment of teenagers. So, the advertisement will highlight the need of teenagers to gain self-esteem through showing scenes in the advertisement that once a teenager will use that body spray, he or she will gain admiration from the opposite sex. Therefore, if and when the message was conveyed to the target market, the marketing function of the business will be accomplished. The third school of organizational theory is composed of the Theories X, Y and Z which somewhat clash in the purposes of managing the workplace. But, these are of great help in managing again the function of the personnel division. Theory X deals with a stricter work ethics to motivate the employees while Theory Y stated that workers have indeed a sense of self-direction. On the other hand, Theory Z (the hybrid of the Japanese and American management), incorporates the principles of creating a strong bond between the company and the employees through valuing the human resource development. Lastly, the systems approach is manifested through the technical functions of finance and production. The theory caters the requirements for financial matters through the open and closed systems. The open system as the name speaks for itself, caters boundaries that can be penetrated while the closed system has more rigid boundaries. It is up to the financial management on whether adjustments will be done in investments through accepting the influence of external factors or keeping everything as internal matters. For the operations or productions, the company can decide on whether adopting an open or closed system. Manufacturing lines can be subject to the transformation model if there is demand to do so. The company or the business can adapt the organizational theories for further improvement but it must be noted that some concepts of the theories can also hinder progress. As for the human relations and the neo-human relations approach, a concrete line must be drawn so to not abuse the professional ethics. It is true that the two theories give utmost importance in establishing individual autonomy to the employees, the leaders or managers must still be able to exercise power over major organizational matters. There must only be a right dose of relationship-oriented activities so that the work-related activities will not be overpowered. Otherwise, the sense of leadership will be obliterated. The theories X and Y must be adapted in a careful manner since the two are polar extremes. If Theory X is implemented in a leadership aspect, rebellion might occur in the workplace due to very authoritarian rules. The leader may solicit suggestions from the workers but still ahs the power to decide on whether to accept those suggestions or not. With this kind of management, conflict will definitely arise since the workers might think that the efforts are just put to waste. It must be made sure that the intensity of implementing it is well-adjusted to the needs of the organization. Theory Y does leadership in a lighter way but if the leader trusts the wrong people in the management to do specific tasks and these employees failed him, the quality of output will be affected. Theory Z may be taken in a brighter light so there may be fewer complications. It encompasses long term employment, specialized career paths and other holistic concerns for the employees. The theory may seem to be idealistic but there will still be conflict since the workers will be the one who will resort to solving the issues. Hence, managers won’t be touching issues causing poor control over matters. Finally, the systems approach can help in outsourcing ideas but then again, accepting changes pose the risk of having a negative feedback. The transformation may also alter some organizational traditions. The schools of organizational theories take on an effect of a double-edged sword. Some may help in facilitating tasks while some may worsen given situations. In a keen manner, the right theory to adapt for the company should be identified. The implementation of plans must of course go hand in hand with good management. References: Pugh, D. Organization Theory [PPT Document] Retrieved from http://www. scribd. com/doc/4880211/Organization-Theory Ankushsing. Theories of Motivation [PDF Document] Retrieved from http://www. scribd. com/doc/7781940/Theories-of-Motivation

Management Structures And Organization Of Hotels

Management Structures And Organization Of Hotels This module introduces the basic concepts of hotel operations. It will help students to acquire the basic knowledge about the hotel business and its operations prior to acquiring more knowledge in the field The learner should read the ATHE resources, study the recommended text book on this unit and also do their own research. Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria Centres are free to offer this the qualifications using any mode of delivery that meets the needs of their learners. This may be through traditional classroom teaching, open learning, distance learning or a combination of these. Whatever mode of delivery is used, centres must ensure that learners have appropriate access to the resources identified in the specifications and to the subject specialists delivering the units. This is particularly important for learners studying for the qualification through open or distance learning. The lecture and seminar notes provided below are for guidance and it is up to the centre whether they use these or alternative ones. The questions at the end of each unit will form the evidence of understanding. Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria 1. Understand how to categorise the different levels of management. 1.1 Explain how the first line management level differs from middle management level. 1.2 Differentiate the variety of functions of someone who works at top management level. 2. Understand management structures and the way in which the hotel is organised. 2.1 Explain the nature and necessity of management structure in a large hotel. 2.2 Describe and illustrate an organisational structure suitable for a medium sized hotel in a city centre. 3. Understand the importance of maintaining different types of food services within a hotel. 3.1 Examine the different types of room service available for food and beverage. 3.2 Analyse the management of food service in a large hotel. 4. Understand how to appraise the various control systems within a major international hotel. 4.1 Formulate different ways of creating and storing information in a hotel. 4.2 Understand the various ways of financial control systems in a specific hotel. Introduction to Hotel Management Suggested Lesson Plan 1. Understand how to categorise the different levels of management. 1.1 Explain how the first line management level differs from middle management level. Seminar In this seminar the lecturer should discuss with the students about two different line managers as an example quality of first line management and middle line management Lecture This lecture should focus on front line staff should be highly skilled. Group discussion The lecturer should ask the students to pick the work schedule of a Laundry Manager, where teamwork was working and was disrupted by different factors, then facilitate a discussion around this. 1.2 Differentiate the variety of functions of someone who works at top management level. Lecture Explain the variety of functions in a large hotel and identify the top management ones. Seminar: Discuss the paragraph below A manager may be responsible for one functional area, but the general manager is responsible for all areas. Most commonly, the term general manager refers to any executive who has overall responsibility for managing both the revenue and cost elements of a companys income statement. This is often referred to as profit loss (PL) responsibility. This means that a general manager usually oversees most or all of the hotels marketing and sales functions as well as the day-to-day operations of the hotel. Frequently, the general manager is also responsible for leading or coordinating the strategic planning functions of the company. In many cases, the general manager of a hotel is given a different formal title or titles. Most corporate managers holding the titles of chief executive officer (CEO) or president, for example, are the general managers of their respective businesses Seminar Discuss the duties of a general manager In hotels, the General Manager is the executive manager responsible for the overall operation of a hotel establishment. The General Manager holds ultimate authority over the hotel operation and usually reports directly to a corporate office or hotel owner. Common duties of a General Manager include hiring and management of a management team, overall management of hotel staff, budgeting and financial management, creating and enforcing business objectives and goals, managing projects and renovations, management of emergencies and other major issues involving guests, employees, or the facility, public relations with the media, local governments, and other businesses, and many additional duties. The extent of duties of a hotel General Manager vary significantly depending on the size of the hotel and company; for example, General Managers of smaller hotels may have additional duties such as accounting, human resources, payroll, purchasing, and other duties that would usually be handled by other managers or departments in a larger hotel. Group Discussion Discuss issues brought up at the lecture and how will this differ with smaller hotels. 2. Understand management structures and the way in which the hotel is organised. 2.1 Explain the nature and necessity of management structure in a large hotel Lecture Lecturer will use the following structure and explain to students. A typical organizational chart for a mid-scale to large hotel: General Manager Assistant Manager or Operations Manager Director of Room Operations Front Office Manager Guest Relations Manager(s) Concierge Manager Front Desk Manager PBX Supervisor Reservations Manager Bell Services Manager Executive Housekeeper Housekeeping Manager(s) Director of Sales Marketing Senior Sales Manager Sales Manager(s) Sales Coordinator Catering Manager Revenue Manager Convention Services Manager(s) Director of Food Beverage Restaurant Manager(s) Room Service Manager Bar Manager Banquet Manager Chief Engineer Director of Human Resources Director of Security Spa Recreation Manager Accounting Manager / Controller Group Discussion Discuss issues brought up at the lecture and how this structure will differ with smaller hotels. 2.2 Describe and illustrate an organisational structure suitable for a medium sized hotel in a city centre Seminar Students will use the organisational chart shown above and then design a flow chart for a smaller hotel. 3. Understand the importance of maintaining different types of food services within a hotel. 3.1 Examine the different types of food service available for food and beverage. Lecture Teacher should explain the different types of food services available and students should then write down examples and the type of person who uses them, e.g. business lunch or quick snack. Students can use notes below. There are various types of food services. Restaurants fall into several industry classification based upon menu style, preparation methods and pricing. Additionally, how the food is served to the customer helps to determine the classification. Historically, restaurant referred only to places that provided tables where one sat down to eat the meal, typically served by a waiter. Following the rise of fast food and take-out restaurants, a retronym for the older standard restaurant was created, sit-down restaurant. Most commonly, sit-down restaurant refers to a casual dining restaurant with table service rather than a fast-food restaurant where one orders food at a counter. Sit-down restaurants are often further categorized as family-style or formal. In British English, the term restaurant almost always means an eating establishment with table service, so the sit-down qualification is not usually necessary. Fast food and takeaway (takeout) outlets with counter service are not normally referred to as restaurants. Outside of North-America the terms Fast casual-dining restaurants, Family style, and Casual dining are not used. Junk food establishments would also not often be referred to as a restaurant. Group discussion After both the Seminar and Lecture the tutor/lecturer should ask the students to write down any questions they have and partake in researching those questions. The students should then bring those questions and research they have undertaken to a smaller group where debate and questioning should be encouraged 3.2 Analyse the function of food and beverage service in a large hotel. Lecture Examine the roles of the Food and Beverage department for a hotel business. The Food and Beverage (FB) department in a hotel is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the dining rooms, restaurants. room service (if available), and the needs of any other function such as a meeting or party that might desire food and beverages. SeminarWhat is the difference in the management of food and beverage services offered by a large hotel compared to a budget hotel. 4. Understand how to appraise the various control systems within a major international hotel. 4.1 Formulate different ways of creating and storing information in a hotel. Seminar Discuss how the information hotels get from guests including personal and bank cards and how they are stored in a secure way 4.2 Understand the various ways of management control systems in a specific hotel. Lecture 2 The lecture can be based on definition and examples of management control. Management controls, in the broadest sense, include the plan of organization, methods and procedures adopted by management to ensure that its goals are met. Management controls include processes for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling programme operations. A subset of management controls are the internal controls used to assure that there is prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the entitys assets.Simons (1994) defined MCS as the formal, information-based routines and procedures managers use to maintain or alter patterns in organizational activities. Seminar In this seminar the lecturer should discuss with the students utensils Inventory control of every department. Unit 2-Hotel staff Management This unit is to help students understand the importance of staffing in a hotel. Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria Importance of briefing of hotel staff Regular coaching gives staff development Appraisal and training gives motivation to staff Staff co-ordination keeps good team work within the industry Hotel staff require speaking skills Explain GMs working process of a hotel Explain all departmental heads duty rosta 1. Understand effective methods of communication for hotel managers when managing staff. 1.1 Examine the different methods of communicating with staff in a large hotel. 1.2 Analyse the importance of the management of staff coordination within a large hotel. 2. Understand hotel organisational charts 2.3 Explain why lines of authority are particularly important in a large metropolitan hotel. 2.4 Evaluate the importance of two organisational rules and regulations. 3. Understand how to review and comment on the management organisational structure of different types of hotels. 3.1 Illustrate the chain of command in a small hotel by using a Management Organisational Chart. 3.2 Explain the nature and necessity of a complex structure in a large hotel. 4. Understand progression opportunities within the hotel industry. 4.1 Analyse the career path within one department of a large hotel. 4.2 Illustrate using a diagram the place of the hotel industry as one of the components of the Tourist industry. Hotel Staff Management-Suggested lesson plan 1. Understand effective methods of communication for hotel managers when managing staff. 1.1 Examine the different methods of communicating with staff in a large hotel. Lecture The lecturer should select a large hotel and discuss the different methods of communication available for both guests and staff. This would depend on the size of the hotel. The students should then be given an assignment where they would imagine a large hotel in a city where many of the staff and guests have lesser knowledge of English and how to communicate messages. Group discussion Continue from lecture and discuss. 1.2 Analyse the importance of the management of staff within a large hotel. Lecture can be based on following notes Small- and medium-sized firms employers realise the value of their staff in driving forward business success according to a recent survey based on a telephone interviews with 500 SMEs. However, too few SMEs focus on the need to motivate staff other than by financial incentives.83% of the SME directors/senior managers surveyed see employees as their businesss most important asset, while 63% believe that attracting and retaining staff is as important to an enterprises success as providing good customer service.However, the report, People Management in Growing Companies, commissioned from MORI by gusinessHR, a SME human resource advisory specialist, also examines SMEs behaviour in terms of expenditure and policies in the light of these opinions. It reveals that SMEs are not necessarily reflecting their views in their actions.A key finding is that SMEs are concerned with their employees job satisfaction and staff motivation, but as many as 86% feel that financial incentives salary and b enefits will do the trick in attracting and retaining staff. Only 28% cited good training and development opportunities for employees as important, with just 25% viewing achieving a good balance between work and home life as significant. An overview of SME human resource policies illustrated that they tended more towards protecting the employer than nurturing the employee. 96% have formal employment contracts, 93% have disciplinary/dismissal procedures, and 88% have health and safety assessment audits and grievance procedures. Only about three-quarters have staff training and development plans and less than two-thirds have a formal appraisal system in place.Businesshr managing director Ian Stobie commented, Skills shortages and the rising costs of recruiting staff mean that it is vital for SMEs to retain key staff if companies wish to grow. Throwing money at someone who is bored will not buy their commitment or ensure consistent, outstanding performance. Interestingly, the larger SMEs (those with over 100 employees) tended to be more concerned about motivating and retaining staff, and their productivity, and placed more value than smaller companies on training and self-development, as well as having more systems and policies in place which motivate and support employees. 91% of larger SMEs have staff handbooks, 85% training and development plans and 80% have an appraisal system.Manager of Advisory Services at businesshr, Tom OReilly, explained, you can think like a corporate but on a smaller scale. SMEs need to get to the root of the issues that affect their employees [rather than just increasing their salaries, for example].There are a variety of sources to tap about human resources issues, but a useful starting point for smaller businesses, is the Small Business Advice Service, managed by the Department of Trade and Industry. Its website is at www.businessonline.org . For a copy of the report, visit www.businesshr.net/businesshr_27cApril.pdf .With thanks to Lloyds TSB Success4Business. For more news and information visit www.success4business.com © 2010 Association of Tourism Hospitality Executives Group discussion Discuss and answer questions on case study. 2.Understand hotel organisational charts 2.1 Explain why lines of authority are particularly important in a large metropolitan hotel. Lecture Organizational structure involves, in addition to task organizational boundary considerations, the designation of jobs within an organization and the relationships among those jobs. There are numerous ways to structure jobs within an organization, but two of the most basic forms include simple line structures and line-and-staff structures. In a line organization, top management has complete control, and the chain of command is clear and simple. Examples of line organizations are small businesses in which the top manager, often the owner, is positioned at the top of the organizational structure and has clear lines of distinction between him and his subordinates. The line-and-staff organization combines the line organization with staff departments that support and advise line departments. Most medium and large-sized firms exhibit line-and-staff organizational structures. The distinguishing characteristic between simple line organizations and line-and-staff organizations is the multiple layers of management within line-and-staff organizations. The following sections refer primarily to line-and-staff structures, although the advantages and disadvantages discussed apply to both types of organizational structures. Several advantages and disadvantages are present within a line-and-staff organization. An advantage of a line-and-staff organization is the availability of technical specialists. Staff experts in specific areas are incorporated into the formal chain of command. A disadvantage of a line-and-staff organization is conflict between line and staff personnel. Group discussion Questions and discussion relating to case study. 2.2 Evaluate the importance of two organisational rules and regulations. Seminar In this seminar the lecturer should discuss different organisational rules and regulations. Group discussion After both the Seminar and Lecture the tutor/lecturer should ask the students to write down any questions they have and partake in researching those questions. The students should then bring those questions and research they have undertaken to a smaller group where debate and questioning should be encouraged 3. Understand how to review and comment on the management organisational structure of different types of hotels. 3.1 Illustrate the chain of command in a small hotel by using a Management Organisational Chart. Lecture This lecture should focus on General Managers working process of a hotel increase business Seminar In this seminar the lecturer should discuss about duty rosta of departmental heads 3.2 Explain the nature and necessity of a complex structure in a large hotel. Lecture This lecture should focus on explain types of chain association and classify types of chain association Seminar In this seminar the lecturer should discuss explain the management contract in a large hotel. 4 Understand progression opportunities within the hotel industry. 4.1 Analyse the career path within one department of a large hotel Lecture This can be based as below. Career in the Hotel Industry Overview There are numerous job opportunities available within the hotel industry due to the many different departments that contribute to the smooth running of an establishment. These include both front and back of house operations such as housekeeping, maintenance, reception, and food and beverage. Additionally, all hotels need a manager and some have individual department managers reporting to a general manager, thus providing opportunities for promotion. Also, the larger chains will often employ area managers who are responsible for the management of a network of hotels. No matter what position you undertake within a hotel, the primary focus of the role will be to ensure that optimum service standards are delivered to guests and visitors to the premises. On the reception desk, you are the first point of contact for guests checking in and out of the hotel, and will therefore have to deal with enquiries and complaints on a daily basis. In the restaurant and bar areas, you are responsible for the quality of food and beverages served to the guests. As a housekeeper, you are accountable for the condition of the bedrooms and the public areas of the hotel. Hotel managers are accountable for all hotel functions as well as the administrative and accounting duties associated with the management of the premises. Additionally, hotels with bars must be compliant with statutory licensing regulations and it is the responsibility of the manager to ensure that this is maintained. Due to the nature of the business, working in a hotel involves unsociable hours with many hotels often busier at weekends and on public holidays. It is essential to be passionate about customer service and all customer-facing roles require excellent communication and interpersonal skills. Hotel managers need to have strong business acumen and the ability to implement effective marketing strategies to enable the hotel to remain profitable in what is a highly competitive industry sector. There will always be complaints received from guests and customers so a professional approach is important as is the ability to deal diplomatically and tactfully with any incidents that occur. Entry requirements The hotel industry is one that benefits more from the personality traits of its staff rather than their standard of education, although for progression to management level it is possible to undertake HNC, HND and degree qualifications in Hotel and Hospitality Management. Most of the larger hotel chains, including Marriott, Travelodge, Ramada and Best Western, offer training courses leading to the achievement of NVQs or SVQs in Hospitality Service, Hospitality Supervision and Hospitality Management. Progression opportunities At entry level, the hotel industry is not necessarily one that pays particularly well although this does improve with progression to management level. Some of the larger hotel chains also have establishments in other countries so if you have a desire to work overseas, the hotel industry can offer excellent opportunities to those willing to learn a foreign language. Seminar In this seminar the lecturer should discuss a career in a specific department e.g. housekeeping. 4.2 Illustrate, using a diagram, the place of the hotel industry as one of the components of the Tourist industry. Lecture This can be based on following case study In the modern times, the way people spend their vacations has undergone a great change. People like to spend good times with family and friend while at the same time exploring various tourist places across the globe. As a result the tourism industry across the globe has seen an unprecedented growth which in turn has also resulted in tremendous growth in the hotel and accommodation facilities. Comfortable hotels and accommodation facilities play a very important role in popularizing any tourist destination. If a person, who is quite far away from home, gets to enjoy the same facilities and comforts as he enjoys at his home, then he is bound to become attached to the place. On the other hand if the tourist ends up at a place where the hotels and accommodation facilities are not satisfactory, it is quite likely that he might never return to that place. Perhaps that is why, hotels and accommodation facilities being made available at different tourists spots, have shifted the focus to providing maximum comfort to tourists at reasonable rates. It is also vital to provide comfortable accommodation to people from diverse economical backgrounds. While five star hotels can cater to the needs of affluent visitors, small and medium range hotels and lodging houses are available for use by a middle class traveler. Blog reviews are also vital in that information about all the hotels and accommodation facilities available in a particular tourism spot are available to people quite easily. For this there can be no better option than internet, as most tourist gain information about the hotels and accommodation facilities through this medium only. The other ways are by making booklets containing information about the hotels and accommodation facilities available at train and bus stations. The information provided to the tourists should be detailed and correct. It should contain the information related to room rentals, types of rooms, catering services, check out times, pick and drop facilities etc. Additional information about the significant tourist spots in the area can also be provided both on the net as well as the booklets, to promote not only the hotel but the tourist spot as well. There are many websites available on the internet which are based on travel and tourism. You can get information regarding hotel accommodations, tourists place, and business blog reviews sight scenes. You should search these websites to make your travel easy and plan things accordingly. Through blog reviews you can get the link of such websites that are truly genuine and will provide you with travel packages into many countries. Read these blog reviews and you will know better. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Suman_Ahliya Seminar In this seminar the lecturer should discuss relation between hotel and tourism and how hotels are an integral part of the tourism industry. Unit 3-Marketing of Accommodation Explain pricing strategy Understanding Client behaviour Knowledge of Market Research and Planning Marketing to organize Manage the retail marketing mix Analyse SWOT 1. Understand how marketing principles apply to different types of hotels. 1.1 Examine the components of the marketing mix as applied to the hotel industry. 1.2 Analyse the benefits of segmentation for a large hotel. 2. Understand the marketing strategies and communication strategies of hotels. 2.1 Analyse the advantages of branding in relation the hotel industry. 2.2 Prepare a detailed SWOT analysis for a large chain of hotels. 3. Understand how two sales promotion packages are used to promote hotel services. 3.1 Evaluate two external influences which may affect the promotion of hotels. 3.2 Analyse three marketing objectives to be used in the planning of a promotional campaign. 4. Understand the part which market research has in the selling of accommodation and services 4.1Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of both primary and secondary research. 4.2 Illustrate how two internal and two external sources of information can be used by a hotel when promoting holidays. Marketing of Accommodation-suggested lesson plan Do the case study on Riverview and ask questions. 1. Understand how marketing principles apply to different types of hotels. 1.1 Examine the components of the marketing mix as applied to the hotel industry. Lecture: Explain how the marketing mix is directly responsible for maximizing room sales and revenues in a hotel. Seminar In this seminar the lecturer should explain pricing strategy 1.2 Analyse the benefits of segmentation for a large hotel. The tutor will need to explain what segmentation is and then discuss the list below and whether all of these would apply to a hotel marketing. Companies who segment their markets match their strengths and offerings to the groups of customers most likely to respond to them. Points for discussion. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Differentiate products and services to meet customer needs and desires. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Design or redesign new products and services to meet market needs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Find hidden needs and make improvements to existing products. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ By selecting and focusing on the most responsive segments to the exclusion of others, marketing can be created to more effectively fit consumers needs. Finding, understanding and focusing on the needs of the best customers can make a market leader. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Target marketing mix to the customers most likely to want the products or services à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identify behaviours and buying motives for products. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identify most and least profitable customers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Help. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Avoid unprofitable markets. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Increase brand loyalty and decrease brand switching. 2. Understand the marketing strategies and communication strategies of hotels. 2.1 Analyse the advantages of branding in relation the hotel industry. Lecture In this lecture the lecturer should discuss with the students branding systems in International Marketing Group discussion Srudents should have had photographic evidence of branding of major hotel chains and discuss usefulness in marketing on a global scale. 2.2 Prepare a detailed SWOT analysis for a large chain of hotels. Lecture Provide an explanation of the case study below and advise the students on what they should do. Case study Riverview Hotel The Hotel The Riverview Hotel, Notown USA, is representative of the five star brand within the Exclusive Business Hotels of the World group. All Riverview Hotels are boutique properties, offering between 25 and 35 exclusive rooms. Mission The Riverview Hotel is dedicated to providing its guests with the highest quality of service and standards. We seek to deliver on our promise of value and quality above all else. We value our place in the community and will work to develop those relationships and to respect and protect our environment. We will continue to strive to create value for both owners and shareholders whilst honoring our brand values and encouraging our personnel to develop themselves in an environment of trust, loyalty and encouragement. Service Offering Service: high-quality facilities accompanied by exemplary personal service, differentiated from competition in line with the overall brand strategy, has proven to be a successful approach generating high levels of repeat business. Positioning The Riverview Hotel is positioned as a five star plus, business travellers hotel, strategically located and offering a high level of personal service. Our focus is on offe